Others Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Others - Assignment Example From the evidence given in the case scenario, Jill had taken all the necessary means to ensure that everyone in the neighborhood was safe. This means that he had fulfilled his obligations of duty of care. It is evident that he had anticipated the threat posed by the animals, and therefore taken proactive measures. It is also clear that he was not responsible for the release of the animals in the neighborhood. A third party (protesters) went at night, and released all the animals, hence leading to the loss incurred by the neighbor. It was a surprise attack, meaning that he did not have much time to alert the authority. If he had also been given a permit to keep the animals within the neighborhood, then he should win the case. On the contrary, if the relevant authority had not been consulted, then he has a case to answer for putting the lives of citizens in danger. As it stands, though, he will win the case against his accuser. In the case of Frank and Shah, both individuals can be awarded remedies by the court as compensation for wrongs done. Shah will be found guilty of battery, owing to the fact that he made a physical contact with Frank. This is demonstrated by the broken nose and significant bruises. Shah failed to control his emotions, and instead chose to attack an unarmed individual, who also did not cause any threat to his life. He cannot argue that he was trying to defend himself from any attack. On the contrary, it was Frank who tried to protect himself. Even if he got very angry after being accused of shoplifting, he used excessive force, going to the point of causing physical injuries. Further, he should have reported the matter to the relevant authority, instead of taking attacking the accuser. For these reasons, it is possible that he will be found guilty of battery, and will be required to pay for damages. On the other hand, Frank has also a

Long story or memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Long story or memoir - Essay Example When she was twelve years old, Chun together with her family immigrated to Australia. Unlike her older sisters, Chun did not like the new environment, and the strangeness of the customs and language made her life even more miserable. Having grown up in China, life was totally different in Australia in terms of lifestyles, customs, language, and political structure. Just as Chun was adjusting to the new environment, at age 17, she discovered a small lump in her breast, and soon after, began the struggle with cancer. Indeed, this was a very traumatizing moment for the entire family as many could not believe that one of them would struggle with the deadly cancer. Shortly after five months since the lump started, her mother died at age 37. Both Chun’s family and the society thought Chun mum’s death was attributed by grief over her daughter's predicament, and as a result, Chun began a long struggle with low self-esteem and a deep sense of hopelessness and guilt. Chun believe d that she was the cause of her mother’s death and as a result, thought she was a reject to her entire family. However, after the post-mortem it was realized that her mum suffered from both high-blood pressure and diabetes. The news over her daughter’s cancer increased her blood pressure, and as a result, caused her death. During that bereavement season, Chun’s family could not understand why God had to take their mother who happened to be the source of encouragement to the entire family. Specifically, Chun could not understand the need or importance of living as she thought her situation was the cause of her mother’s death. Despite the many challenges that the family faced, they were privileged to have nurses and doctors who bestowed love and compassion to them. Chun’s treatment required the lengthy and frequent hospital stays, and thus she missed most of her college classes. Often, Chun thought that she had brought the disease on herself and she wished that she had a different disease that involved less pain and less hospital stays. Her medical treatment was so severe that it involved such unsettling and painful procedures as chemotherapy and surgery. The treatment was more frightening and scaring for a young person than it could be for an adult. During that period of loneliness and fear of lengthier therapy, Chun developed a strong and trusting personal relationship with her caregivers and nurses. The doctors walked with her and instigated a strong tribute that she could one day recover from the disease. Such encouragements created a strong platform for Chun to deepen her understanding that she can get better and recover from cancer if only she believes. Despite many encouragements, Chun went through many difficulties and pain. However, she kept believing that one day she would recover and be an inspiration to many suffering from the disease. While in the hospital, Chun decided to document a book by the subject â€Å"It G ets better if you believe† Her main purpose was to reach cancer patients on how to cope with the disease and remind doctors and nurses on the benefits of quality care to patients. Chun intended to create a solid platform for readers to understand her real life experience and how she battled with cancer. Apparently, Chun took every day as an opportunity to learn and comprehend things that one day would be an inspiration to others. She changed her mindset and embraced a positive

Organizational Behavior Leadership Analysis Social Work Essay

Organizational Behavior Leadership Analysis Social Work Essay Academic theories about employee motivation, empowerment and performance are just that theories, they are of little practical use to business leader or their companies, with reference covered to the material cover on the OBL course, and the people management of one Employee of Choice, please evaluate the validity of this statement. Organizational Behavior is the study of behavior of individual, group and people in the organization. It focuses in the relationship between individual and organization in the holistic manner. It focuses on meeting the social objectives, organizational level objectives and individual level objectives. (Leadership and Organizational Behavior, 2010) In managing the organizational behavior with in the organization, there are various managerial theories being proposed by various people to meet the organizational and individual requirement. The role of business leader is to effectively manage the workforce with in the organization to achieve the maximum output from the employees. It is also required from the business leaders to increase the productivity of the organization, to reduce employee turnover, to increase job satisfaction, to reduce absenteeism among the employees, to establish organizational citizenship. The productivity of the employees could be increased by increasing the motivational level of the employees and by imparting training and development programs. An organization is said productive if it converts its inputs into outputs at lowest operating costs. Organizational behavior studies help managers to understand the general behavior of the individuals, but not the exact behavior of the individual. For example Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y give an idea about type of people in the organization. According to Theory X, people would tend to avoid the work and are not responsible, on the other hand according to Theory Y, people are self directed and self motivated. Now this theory does not highlight the exact reasons for being lazy and self-motivated. In this way organizational studies only direct the managers about the general concepts, but could not point the exact behavior of the individual. It is so because the behavior of individual may vary from situation to situation and may also differ from person to person. (Douglas McGregor-Human Relations Contributors, Theory X and Theory Y) The turnover of the employee is another important managerial duty to be considered by leaders. The increase in turnover costs high for the organization by increasing the recruitment, interview, selection and training costs. It is one of the essential parameter to be considered by the managers for increasing the efficiency of the organization. There could be various reasons for increased in turnover. It could be because of work environment, job position mismatch, compensation and rewards, job stress etc. It is required from the leaders to find out the reason for the increase in turnover. As there could be various different reasons for the increase in turnover, the organizational theories could not find the exact reason for the increase in turnover. The method that could be used by manager to find exact reason for the increased turnover could be interviews or survey. With the help of organizational behavior theories leaders could find out the general behavior of the group of employees in the organization, but it is required to carry out individual analysis to find the exact reason for the absenteeism with in the organization. Increasing the Job satisfaction is another important managerial duty. It is essential for leaders to maintain the job satisfaction level of the employees with in the organization. This would not only decrease the turnover of the employees but also generate the healthy environment with in the organization. Organizational Behavior theories help the managers to understand the general behavior of the employee about job satisfaction, but it does not showcase how to increase job satisfaction for a particular employee. According to dispositional theory individual who is happy in his life is happy at his job as well. According to this theory there are the factors affecting job satisfaction i.e. positive and negative affectivity, personality attributes and self evaluation. This theory as well does not find the actual reason specific to a particular individual and hence managers would need to carry out the analysis specific to the individual. Another important function of the business leaders is to reduce absenteeism among the employees. The reduction in absenteeism is directly related to the job dissatisfaction and improper work environment. It is required for the leaders to understand the individual needs and expectations of the individuals from the organization and meet those expectations. It is also observed that unhealthy work environment creates problem for the employee and in turn reduced their efficiency and hence productivity of the organization. Here as well leaders have to sit individually with the employees and seek out the possible hindrances for the employees with respect to work environment. The reasons for the unhealthy work environment could be racial discrimination, manager-subordinates relationship, gender discrimination, work pressures etc. Organization Behavior theories works as the general framework for the leaders but could not act as the specific solution for a particular organizational problem. It require extensive analysis and thorough understanding of the organization and individual behavior to meet the objectives of the organization. Question 2: With reference to Organizational Behavior leadership on gender inequity in organization, and you own work experience if relevant, evaluate the extent to which this issue will require further attention from public and private sector organization in the UAE now and in the future. How can local organization ensure that there is true equity of opportunity for their women Emirati employees and what will be the likely commercial benefits of doing this? Answer: Gender Inequality means differentiation between individuals on the basis of their gender. As per gender inequality the responsibility, human and social possibilities differ from men to that of women. (Long, 2001) It is found that most of the theories showcase the organizational structure as the reason for gender inequality. It is as per organizational structure which causes differences in roles, difference in position, and difference in behaviors between men and women. Materialist theory: As per this theory the connection of men and women with the societys economic structure causes the gender inequality. As per this theory, womens role of mother and wife in the society devalued its right to access high valued resources. Women are less paid as compared to the men in the labor class market. The reason for this is the social responsibility attached to women to take care of family and children. Division between Domestic and Public Work: Their role of mother and wife devalued their role social roles and hence high profile. Women are bound with the domestic responsibilities and hence have to take care of the family and have to invest time there as well. On the other hand men are free from domestic responsibilities and have greater access to high valued resources. It is noticed that there is inequality in pay of men and women, and women are paid less than men. It is also found that two-third of the women works in areas low profile areas like catering, cleaning, clerical jobs, caring jobs. The reason for women being paid less than men is that their job includes discontinuity because of maternity leaves, and to take care of family and children. Moreover still the ratio of highly qualifies women is less than that of men. This gives men an edge to work in high profile jobs and so being paid more than women. Gender Inequality in UAE: The UAE government is trying their best to reduce the gender inequality in UAE. In the year 2008, UAE is participating actively in reducing the gap of gender disparity by organizing various conferences for the same. Dubai School of Government along with Centre of Arab Women for Training and Research and World Bank, organizes a conference to narrow down the gender gap in North Africa and Middle East. The conference named Gender and Economics in MENA: from Theory to Policymaking (ZPRESS, 2008). The main purpose of the conference was to highlight the importance of high education over women. In the conference, Nabeel Al Yousuf, vice chairman of trustee board in Dubai School of Government, focused on gender inequality for the social, national and economic development. Community Development Authority is coordinating with various government and non-government organizations to maintain gender equality. (ZPRESS, 2008) In the recent years UAE has worked well in reducing the gender gap in the emirates. As per a report, UAE has topped in human development chart among gulf countries. Though the ratio of educated women is increasing, but still UAE needs to improve on gender equality. This gender inequality further drags the human development index of the country. The gender equality could be improved with the help of combined effort from public and private companies. Protect Women Rights: It is essential to get women aware of their rights and also make them aware how to fight against the violation of any basic right. This education would help them to fight for their basic rights. It is required for both public and private organizations to coordinate with Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) to protect the rights of women. Women Education: To increase the status of women in the society it is required to further increase the level and quality of education for women. To achieve the same it is required for public and private educational institutions to work together to achieve the common objective. Healthy Work Environment: It is required for the private and public organizations to maintain healthy work environment for the women at workplace. It could be done by providing facilities for women like pick and drop from home, work from home etc. The local organization could ensure the equal opportunity for women by ensuring that jobs are offered as per the qualification and not on the basis of gender. The pay should be equal as per the caliber and qualification of the individual. It is required for the local organization to create equal opportunities for both men and women and should not create any disparity between the two. Gender equality would ensure equal status for the women in the society and would increase their standard of living. It would ensure right investment of the income and less wastage of money. It has been found that women invest 90% of her income on family whereas men only invest 35% of his income on family. This would change political and public welfare policies would increase focus on women as well. Increase in education level of women would reduce the health problems and diseases in the society.

Realism in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Essays -- Worn Path Essays Eudor

Realism in Eudora Welty's A Worn Path Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path" is a story that emphasizes the natural symbolism of the surroundings. The main character in the story, Phoenix Jackson, is an old black woman who seeks out to find medicine for her sick nephew. This story contains a motif, which is the continuous walking of Phoenix Jackson throughout her journey. She lives in the pinewoods and faces the challenging experience of walking through the snowy, frozen earth to get to the hospital in the city of Natchez. Phoenix Jackson is a very caring person, and is in love with life. Although she is very old, it seems that she has many years ahead of her. Eudora Welty brings realism into the story describing the realities of being old. It is Christmas, and Phoenix Jackson has to head out to the city to obtain the medicine for her nephew. A long time ago, her nephew swallowed lye that burned his throat, and the medicine is the only thing that relieves his pain. The woods are filled with pine trees that cast dark shadows throughout the terrain. The darkness that surrounds Phoenix is the total opposite of her. She is a poor woman, but is very neat and tidy. She appreciates the small things in life and respects what she has. Although she is old, she has extremely dark hair, wears a red bandana, and has much "life" within her: Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as though a whole little tree stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illumined by a yellow burning under the bark. (87) It is almost as if she is a part of nature herself, when Eudora Welty describes her as having a tree within her forehead. ... ...ling to travel through the rugged pinewoods to get the medicine that cures his illness. All of the things included in the forest represent natural symbolism that is directly related to the realism of Phoenix Jackson. The windmill is a perfect representation of the circle of life, and Phoenix has many more years to live. When Phoenix dies, her spirit of the Phoenix bird will live on in her nephew who most likely will live a long, happy life. Works Cited Hicks, Granville. "Eudora Welty." Critical Essays on Eudora Welty. Ed. W. Craig Turner and Lee Emling Harding. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1989. 259-67. Howard, Zelma Turner. The Rhetoric of Eudora Welty's Short Stories. Jackson, Miss.: University and College Press of Mississippi, 1973. Welty, Eudora. "A Worn Path." The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. 142-49.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

McCulloch vs. Maryland is one of the most significant cases ever decided by the United States Supreme Court, and is perhaps all the more significant in that it was one of earliest cases of major proportions decided by the court.   The background of this case extends many years before its 1819 Supreme Court decision.   In 1791, the Congress of the United States created the First Bank of the United States.   The First Bank was primarily formed in order to help alleviate debt accumulated during the Revolutionary War.   The brainchild of then-Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, it was bitterly opposed by many.   The First Bank remained in existence until 1811, when Congress decided to let its charter expire.Economic troubles in the United States continued during that time period, and especially as a result of the War of 1812.   In 1816, a proposition was passed to form the Second Bank of the United States in order to combat debt that continued to mount.   As with the charter of the First Bank, the charter of the Second Bank was only authorized to last for twenty years.   Opposition to the Second Bank was even fiercer than opposition to the First Bank.The State of Maryland, to protect itself from loan mandates of the Second Bank, passed a law imposing a tax on any bank not chartered by the State of Maryland.   The only bank at that time to conduct operations in Maryland but without being chartered by the State of Maryland was the Second Bank of the United States.   The Second Bank refused to pay the imposed taxed, and the State of Maryland filed suit against the local representative for the bank, James McCulloch.Before being heard by the Supreme Court of the United States, McCulloch vs. Maryland was first heard by a state court in Maryland and later the Maryland Court of Appeals.   Both the state court and the Court of Appeals held for the State of Maryland.   When the case came to the Supreme Court on error in 1819, the highest bod y of the land reversed the decision of both the Court of Appeals and the state court in Maryland, holding for the Federal government.The argument used by the State of Maryland in support of their right to tax an institution conducting business without their borders was that the Constitution did not make any provisions affecting banking.   Further, the State of Maryland argued that because of that Constitutional omission, the Federal Government did not have the proper authority to charter a bank and therefore, the Second Bank of the United States was unconstitutional.   On the side of the Federal Government, the argument was offered that nothing in the Constitution prohibited the formation of the bank in order to conduct important financial business on behalf of the country.   The Court sided with this argument and found that the taxed imposed by the State of Maryland improperly interfered with the business of the Federal Government.The ongoing impact of McCulloch vs. Maryland is profound.   Two important principles that would be used repeatedly in later years resulted from this decision.   The first principle holds that the Constitution grants to Congress certain implied powers to be used in upholding express powers granted by the Constitution.   What this means is that it can be inferred that certain actions may become necessary in order to ensure the functionality of the Federal Government.   The second principle is that no state can interfere in the conduct of the Federal Government when that conduct is protected or provided for by the Constitution.   In the decision of the Court, written by Chief Justice John Marshall, a statement is made thatâ€Å"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the Government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the Government to an excess which would defeat all the ends of Government†.In deliberately enumerating some many other actions that could follow, the slippery slope of finding for the State of Maryland is indicated, clearly showing that to allow such taxation would be detrimental to the workings of the government as a whole.Steven Engel, in an article published by the Yale Law Journal, writing that one of the significant results of the decision in McCulloch vs. Maryland is in the crafting of the Fourteenth Amendment, saying â€Å"In drafting Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Republicans borrowed explicitly from McCulloch in granting Congress the power to enforce the provisions of the amendment by appropriate legislation†.   (Engel, 1999)Specifically, the language of the fourteenth amendment states â€Å"The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article†.   (Fourteen th Amendment) The significance of a court case leading to the construction of part of a Constitutional amendment is tremendous.   Before, the State of Maryland could argue that no specific provision existed in the Constitution, to which the Supreme Court responded with the concept of implied powers.   Now, with the influence of McCulloch v. Maryland on the formation of the Fourteenth Amendment, specific provisions existed for the Government to take the moves necessary to uphold the law of the land.Martin Flaherty, in a journal article discussing the Supreme Court decisions of John Marshall, describes the Chief Justice as a judicial equivalent to Shakespeare, in the eloquent manner in which he wrote.   He goes on to say, however, that Marshall was very firm in his view of â€Å"We the People†, as opposed to â€Å"We the States†.   Whereas history teaches that the Constitution was a massive effort of the states to come together in agreement over laws for the coun try, Flaherty states that Marshall views the Constitution as a result of the work of the people.He states, â€Å"The usual–and critical–corollary that follows holds that the national populace erred on the side of according power to the national government at the expense of the states, as McCulloch appears to indicate†.   (Flaherty, 2002)   This article indicates that the overriding impact of McCulloch v. Maryland on the society of the time as well as society today is that the people are stronger en masse than the states in which they happen to reside.   This impact of empowerment carries through to the modern day, both in the case of individual people and of the collective people of the Federal government.Although the decision in McCulloch v. Maryland was made almost 190 years ago, it is as significant now as it was then.   Between establishing, firmly, the concept of implied powers as well as clearly holding the superiority of the Federal Government ove r state governments, it’s reach is far and long.   Going far beyond the issue of banking, McCulloch’s legacy may be the empowerment of the phrase â€Å"We the People† and the impact that phrase has had on the citizens of this country for the past two hundred years.ReferencesEngle, S. (1999).   The McCulloch Theory of the Fourteenth Amendment: City of Boerne V.Flores and the Original Understanding of Section 5.   Yale Law Journal, 109:1, 115.Flaherty, M.S. (2002).   John Marshall, McCulloch V. Maryland, and â€Å"We the People†: Revisions in Need of Revising.   William and Mary Law Review,   43:4, 1339.McCulloch v. Maryland.   17 U.S. 316 (1819).U.S. Const., amend XIV,  §5.

Overcoming Adhd

Overcoming my ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (also known as ADHD) is a common condition that affects children and adolescents, and can carry on to adulthood. ADHD is a problem with inattentiveness, over-activity, and impulsivity. Depression, lack of sleep, learning disabilities, tic disorders, and behavior problems may be confused with, or appear with, ADHD. I always had problems paying attention and focusing. I was always extremely hyperactive, always running around wanting to play with my friends and avoid homework.My parents recognized the behaviors I was showing, since both my brother and sister showed them at my age as well, and were both on medication for ADHD. When I turned 14, my parents took me to a psychiatrist to talk about my symptoms of ADHD and see if I was going to be prescribed medication. I wasn’t really sure what it was or how medication would help me with ADHD. When I went to the psychiatrist, she asked me a series of questions, like about my organizational skills, and about homework and grades.After I told her I had trouble getting homework completed, and I was really forgetful and not organized with my schoolwork, she diagnosed me of ADHD and prescribed me on Adderall. Since I’ve been taking adderall, my grades have improved greatly, and I’ve improved so much on focusing and being more organized. I also meet with my psychiatrist every three months to talk about my ADHD and if I think my medication is still effective. The symptoms of ADHD fall into three categories: lack of attention (inattentiveness), hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior (impulsivity).Some children show inattentive behaviors, while others (like me) show inattention and hyper behaviors, also called combined ADHD. Some inattentive symptoms include difficulty organizing or completing tasks, failing to pay close attention to details, and are easily distracted. Hyperactivity symptoms include being fidgety, unable to sit still, and disruptive towards other people. Symptoms of impulsivity include being impatient behaviors. The diagnosis of ADHD is based on very specific symptoms. Children should have at least 6 attention symptoms or 6 hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, with some symptoms present before age 7.The symptoms must be severe enough to cause significant difficulties in many settings, including home, school, and in relationships with peers. The child should have an evaluation by a doctor if ADHD is suspected (which is why I went to a family psychiatrist). Sometimes an evaluation by a doctor might even include complete a developmental, mental, nutritional, physical, and psychosocial examination. Treatment of ADHD is between the parents, individual, and doctor, since there are various approaches towards treatment. Such approaches include behavioral therapy and medication.Whatever the therapy chosen, it is important that the individual makes sure they are following the treatment rules as planned. A lot of doctors d ebate over the proper use of treatment for ADHD since it is seen as a neurological and behavioral disorder. I believe that ADHD is a neurobiological disorder, and it’s symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity is shown through behaviors. The first treatment I’m going to talk about is medication. I think medication is a great way to approach ADHD, since it is a neurological and behavioral disorder.

The Differences in the Patriot and the American Revolution essays

The Differences in the Patriot and the American Revolution essays In this Essay I will point out the different causes that led up to the American Revolution. The main three reasons are Political, Economic and Social Causes. In my opinion of the American Revolution the Political reason was the most important, because for the most part the colonists did not agree that the Parliament had the right to make laws for American colonists and to tax them when the colonists had no elected The Economic causes of the Revolution are second most important. In the eyes of Great Britain the American colonists primary job was to build a favorable balance of trade. With a favorable balance of trade a nation could be self-sufficient, become wealthy and build a powerful army and navy. However the British laws were to hard on the American colonists. The Sugar Act of 1764, placed taxes on molasses, sugar and other products imported from places outside the British empire. Most of the colonists openly broken the law by smuggling, Since no one obeyed the laws the British cut the tax to a sixth of what it was. later on the British tried to enforce the Sugar Act by inspecting ships and searching homes for smuggled goods. Even thought Britain cut the taxes on molasses, the Sugar Act still cut into the business of colonial merchants and shipowners, and rum distillers. Other events such as the Stamp Act, and the Tea Act were the beginning signs of the revolution, The Tea ! Act levied a tax on the tea imported from the East India Company. The colonists got mad and destroyed The Political causes of the Revolution were the proclamation of 1763 which were plans to reduce conflicts with the colonists and the Indians. It stated that no one was permitted to cross the mountains without the consent of British officials. American fur traders who wanted to settle the western ...

Music Lyrics being Nonviolent essays

Music Lyrics being Nonviolent essays Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldnt believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldnt censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. Its pounding beats and staccato rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop ( SIRS 1993). There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist had their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention( SIRS 1993). People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from Too Live Crew, named Luke Skywalker. These rap arti...

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Quotes

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Quotes Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote in a variety of genres, including The Yellow Wallpaper, a short story highlighting the rest cure for women in the 19th century; Woman and Economics, a sociological analysis of womens place; and Herland , a feminist utopia novel. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote in favor of equality between men and women. Selected Charlotte Perkins Gilman Quotations And woman should stand beside man as the comrade of his soul, not the servant of his body. In New York City, everyone is an exile, none more so than the Americans. It is not that women are really smaller-minded, weaker-minded, more timid and vacillating, but that whosoever, man or woman, lives always in a small, dark place, is always guarded, protected, directed and restrained, will become inevitably narrowed and weakened by it. The woman is narrowed by the home and the man is narrowed by the woman. It is the duty of youth to bring fresh new powers to bear on Social progress. Each generation of young people should be to the world like a vast reserve force to a tired army. They should life the world forward. That is what they are for. To swallow and follow, whether old doctrine or new propaganda, is a weakness still dominating the human mind. Until mothers earn their livings, women will not. So when the great word Mother! rang once more,I saw at last its meaning and its place;Not the blind passion of the brooding past,But Mother the Worlds Mother come at last,To love as she had never loved before To feed and guard and teach the human race. There is no female mind. The brain is not an organ of sex. Might as well speak of a female liver. The mother poor invaded soul finds even the bathroom door no bar to hammering little hands. The first duty of a human being is to assume the right relationship to society more briefly, to find your real job, and do it. Love grows by service. But reason has no power against feeling, and feeling older than history is no light matter. To be surrounded by beautiful things has much influence upon the human creature: to make beautiful things has more. We have built into the constitution of the human race the habit and desire of taking, as divorced from its natural precursor and comcomitant of making. The women who do the most work get the least money, and the women who have the most money do the least work. There should be an end to the bitterness of feeling which has arisen between the sexes in this century. Eternity is not something that begins after you are dead. It is going on all the time. It will be a great thing for the human soul when it finally stops worshiping backwards. Two persons love in one another the future good which they aid one another to unfold. In our steady insistence on proclaiming sex-distinction we have grown to consider most human attributes as masculine attributes, for the simple reason that they were allowed for men and forbidden to women. George Sand smokes, wears male attire, wishes to be addressed as Mon frà ¨re; perhaps, if she found those who were as brothers indeed, she would not care whether she were a brother or sister. Habits of thought persist through the centuries; and while a healthy brain may reject the doctrine it no longer believes, it will continue to feel the same sentiments formerly associated with that doctrine. The softest, freest, most pliable and changeful living substance is the brain the hardest and most iron-bound as well. Death? Why this fuss about death. Use your imagination, try to visualize a world without death! . . . Death is the essential condition of life, not an evil. When one is assured of unavoidable and imminent death, it is the simplest of human rights to choose a quick and easy death in place of a slow and horrible one. Related Resources for Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman PoemsThe Yellow Wallpaper - text About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

Parents should be financially responsible for acts of vandalism by Essay

Parents should be financially responsible for acts of vandalism by their children - Essay Example There are two views about this topic. Either the children or the parents should be held responsible. The paper revolves around the fact that the parents or legal guardians should be the one paying for e.g. the paint needed to cover the graffiti created by their uncontrolled and ill disciplined wards. From here you start off the assignment and each paragraph is indented by pressing a simple tab key when starting a new paragraph. Some concerns regarding the point of view of this paper and its effects will be discussed in the following passages. Strong Argument The major reason for supporting this claim is that the children/teenagers of the post facebook era, who have forgotten the values and morals of neighborhood living will once again, be back under the strict eyes of their parents. If parents have to pay for the damages caused by their beloved sons and daughters, they will make sure that this kind of activity does not take place again. Strict discipline will be implied on the naive minds which will make them think twice before committing such an act. Enforcing Support Another section of the effect that has to be noticed here is the party whose property has been vandalized, be it public or private. The amount which can be recovered from the parents around the world in accordance with the law is not enough for the children or their parents to think over the whole scenario of vandalism (Timothy, 2008). Especially by the parents who will have to pay for the acts of little terror which can have devastating effects on the people whose property have been vandalized, monetarily and physiologically. Therefore the only way out of this situation is hefty fines and actual damages to be paid by the parents in vandalism cases. Objections Since every coin has two sides, similar is the case with this argument. Many who are against parents being held financially responsible for their children’s vandalism have certain arguments to be presented. The strongest argument tha t they bring to the table is the fact that children if aloof from any kind of punishment, due to their parents paying for the damages, will further create chaos. As the children will go wild vandalizing neighborhoods and their parents tailing them with their checkbooks in hand. But the essence of the action suggested by this paper is that when once the check has been delivered, the next time such extreme repercussions will be set for the vandals that they will think twice before performing these non-sensible acts. Do not bold, italicize or underline the subheading. Final Claim Many advantages will come out of laws that enforce parents to pay the damages. The foremost and extremely pressing point is that the root of all neighborhood evils like gangs, groups of thieves and shoplifting is vandalism. Vandalism is considered to be the stepping stone for all these evils. Boys and girls are scouted by gangs by this very mean. Penalizing parents on vandalism will make sure that the parents have a scorching eye on their wards therefore not only curbing the disease of vandalism but also stopping further crimes to be generated out of this contagious virus known as vandalism. Conclusion The whole point of this argument is the betterment of our

Discuss and explore some specific aspect of each reading that made an Assignment

Discuss and explore some specific aspect of each reading that made an impact on you - Assignment Example As opposed from the rather passionate and confrontational tone that can be felt in the two aforementioned writings, Eighner takes a more sarcastic approach to defining the material conditions of the working poor, using the connotations of words that are associated with his ‘work’ as a dumpster diver, with the intention of surfacing out the undermined harshness of poverty. One can easily imagine that such rhetoric targets both the middle and upper class reader, in that it strikes the message regarding the painful reality that the working class people have to deal with on a daily basis. A business man, in the pursuit of establishing his industry, might be troubled by certain things, such as profit maximization and high taxes, which are all integral to his operations, but such things are absurd, in the perspective of low wage earner, a homeless man, or a disadvantaged woman, as told in the authors’ respective stories. To put in simple terms, an upper class man’s trouble becomes irrelevant, when we realize that some person’s trouble is in fact whether he or she will, let’s say, eat dinner tonight. The poor man’s rhetoric as expressed in these texts is supposedly a wake up call, but the reality is, society has a tendency to define life in accordance to their material conditions, and this operating mindset becomes the pre cursor to the ‘taken-for-grantedness’ of the injustice that occurs within the way different social classes clash and interact (Momsen, 2004). I think scavenging is the most modern form of self-reliance,. In any event, after ten years of government service, where everything is geared to the lowest common denominator, I find work that rewards initiative and effort

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

4 - Assignment Example Deltek Systems Inc. decided to go public in 1997 by offering its shares in the market. Every organization has to ensure that it makes the final decision of going ahead with initial public offerings (IPO) after evaluating all vital factors properly. In case of Deltek, the company decided to offer its shares to the general public for numerous reasons. The foremost factor that led the company’s management to go public was to avail the opportunity of accumulating funds for the purpose of expansion. One of the expansion strategies is to allow the organization to go public so that shares can be bought by the shareholders and, accordingly, the amount can be used for expansion. This trend was common during that time period as the software companies that were incurring losses were going public to utilize the chance of earning a good amount of revenue. According to the case, Deltek decided to go public because it allowed the probability of acquiring additional funds for financing its gr owth along with enhanced visibility. When a company is listed in the stock market, its awareness is increased and it has an advantage of enhancing its prestige among its valuable customers. Gaining awareness amongst mass consumers is another positive point of allowing the organization to be listed on the stock exchange. The central driving force that led to the decision of going public was that the employees of the company should be given the opportunity of reaping benefits for having the stock options. Since the company was a private venture, there was no market for selling the company’s stocks. Considering the scenario of the company, it wanted to offer its employees a platform to utilize the avenue of earning additional income. Since the technological firms were able to make further revenue from the stock market as a result of inflationary prices, it was a logical decision to exploit this proposal for improving the company’s performance and financial viability of th e employees. Human resources are an important asset for the organization and their financial stability in the firm should be one of the utmost concerns for the management to ensure productive services by the employees. Question 2 What advantages did Deltek find in going public once it became a public company? What disadvantages did it face? Answer 2 When Deltek Systems Inc. became a public company in 1997, it was proficient in earning an excessive amount of profit because its stock prices were growing at an accelerating pace. The biggest advantage to the company for going public was the ability of making use of its strong position in the technology market along with the stock market. It had a robust performance initially but, like all other companies, it had to face various turbulences as the stock market has the feature of intense fluctuations throughout the year. In late February 1997, the company sold about 2.9 million shares on the stock market for $11 each. During the following summer, the sales of the company grew at an exponential rate that was evident from its reported strong earnings in the stock market. By August, the earnings doubled, and this trend continued until the next year. However, afterwards, the company saw huge variations in the stock price of its shares as it oscillated in between $15 per share to $24.50 per share. This fluctuating behavior of the

Fuzzy Logic system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fuzzy Logic system - Essay Example The results of the analysis for different input and output conditions are compared and finally the best conditions are derived for the best performance of the machine. The given control system is a manufacturing machinery whose reliability can be analysed through the performance of three parts namely part A, part B and part C present in that machine. In order to diagnose faults in the components there are three sensors associated with them namely sensor 1, sensor 2 and sensor 3. A fault in any one of the three components may require either a cheap or expensive repair. The recovery time, the time that it takes the machine to return to full working order after repair, is either quick or slow or takes an intermediate amount of time. The output values of the sensors are to be controlled in a specific manner to evaluate the condition on the three parts on a scale 0 ( representing good condition – okay ) to 1( representing faulty condition). The given machinery can be represented and analysed using the Fuzzy Logic Tool Box available in MATLAB. Fuzzy logic starts with the concept of a fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is a set without a crisp, clearly defined boundary. It can contain elements with only a partial degree of membership. For the given system fuzzy variables are defined for each sensor and each part. The fuzzy variables for each sensor contain three equally sized, linear shaped, overlapping fuzzy sets comprising high, medium and low. The fuzzy variable for each machine part also contains three equally sized, linear shaped, overlapping fuzzy sets comprising of faulty, unreliable and okay. To construct the default system, the Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System in MATLAB GUI has been used. Mamdanis method was among the first control systems built using fuzzy set theory. It was proposed in 1975 by Ebrahim Mamdani (Sabeghi and Naghibzadeh , 2006,). In the FIS editor the default methods for AND , OR, implication, aggregation and defuzzification have been used. Three

Language development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language development - Essay Example Language development in a child is more than just learning to say " dada", "baba", or mama". They have to develop the ability to listen, understand and speak to others. This site explains the different stages in toddlers first years to the subsequent years. Language development involves good vision and auditory skills. . The technique involved in taking a more active role in the child's language development is by talking more often to the child about everyday activities like brushing teeth, drinking milk, etc. keeping eye contact and speaking clearly to a child with a comfortable distance. Stressing on syllables is important and listening to what the child says. If a child has problem in pronouncing some words instead of pointing mistakes repeat the words and sentences. Reading is another technique to improve language development in a child. Eventually it helps a child in writing as well. This site also explains the activities that can help language development in a child like singing songs, making faces, picture books, nursery rhymes, matching games etc.It also explains the importance of cognitive, social, and emotional development. . Language via the Internet: Language development is the task of preparing a language to serve as a tool of literacy and education. Any natural language is already a suitable tool for oral communication. The prophets of doom emerge every time a new technology influences language. It happened in the 15 the century when printing was introduced, then again when the telephone was introduced in 19 th century, and when broadcasting came in the 20 th century: and they gathered again when Internet writing broke several of and spelling, says Crystal. Internet is allowing us to explore... The human languages are known as natural language, artificial languages , constructed languages (individual groups have constructed for practical, experimental, personal or ideological reasons), formal languages, and the programming languages.Language development is the task of preparing a language to serve as a tool of literacy and education. Any natural language is already a suitable tool for oral communication. The prophets of doom emerge every time a new technology influences language. It happened in the 15 the century when printing was introduced, then again when the telephone was introduced in 19 th century, and when broadcasting came in the 20 th century: and they gathered again when Internet writing broke several of and spelling, says Crystal. Internet is allowing us to explore once more. Crystall concludes that a surprisingly small number of new words have been spawned while texting, blogging and other forms have given radical opportunities to develop new stylistic rules. He believes that the new forms of interaction seen in the Internet are far more important than changes in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. Finally, as the internet becomes more linguistically varied, it also extends a hand to minority languages and it speakers. It helps speakers of minority language to maintain virtual contact through email, chat and instant messaging environments. The recent technologies like email and text messaging will transform language in a way that certain words might become obsolete.

APA Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

APA Assignment - Essay Example gn trail† (2012, p.1).   The campaigns in America shocked even the players themselves with Obama decrying the negative onslaughts by Romney, who kept insisting on the significance of elevating the debate. When American voters were asked to comment on their take on the negative ads, their views were divided. The interview by ABC news showed that some voters argued that negativity can not be avoided because it works in politics. Others thought that while the campaigns are awash with negativity, aimed at persuading them, they hated this daylight bashing on televisions. One of the interviewees from Orlando, Julie Petosa, was concerned about the escalating tone and resigned â€Å"I don’t know how we’re going to live through three more months of it† (2012, p.1). An analysis by Kantar Media/CMAG data analyzed that three quarters of the $332 million channeled on TV advertising went towards negative ads. Many voters reasoned that although negative attacks vary in intensity and they wished they could avoid listening to them so as to maintain positive

Language development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language development - Essay Example Language development in a child is more than just learning to say " dada", "baba", or mama". They have to develop the ability to listen, understand and speak to others. This site explains the different stages in toddlers first years to the subsequent years. Language development involves good vision and auditory skills. . The technique involved in taking a more active role in the child's language development is by talking more often to the child about everyday activities like brushing teeth, drinking milk, etc. keeping eye contact and speaking clearly to a child with a comfortable distance. Stressing on syllables is important and listening to what the child says. If a child has problem in pronouncing some words instead of pointing mistakes repeat the words and sentences. Reading is another technique to improve language development in a child. Eventually it helps a child in writing as well. This site also explains the activities that can help language development in a child like singing songs, making faces, picture books, nursery rhymes, matching games etc.It also explains the importance of cognitive, social, and emotional development. . Language via the Internet: Language development is the task of preparing a language to serve as a tool of literacy and education. Any natural language is already a suitable tool for oral communication. The prophets of doom emerge every time a new technology influences language. It happened in the 15 the century when printing was introduced, then again when the telephone was introduced in 19 th century, and when broadcasting came in the 20 th century: and they gathered again when Internet writing broke several of and spelling, says Crystal. Internet is allowing us to explore... The human languages are known as natural language, artificial languages , constructed languages (individual groups have constructed for practical, experimental, personal or ideological reasons), formal languages, and the programming languages.Language development is the task of preparing a language to serve as a tool of literacy and education. Any natural language is already a suitable tool for oral communication. The prophets of doom emerge every time a new technology influences language. It happened in the 15 the century when printing was introduced, then again when the telephone was introduced in 19 th century, and when broadcasting came in the 20 th century: and they gathered again when Internet writing broke several of and spelling, says Crystal. Internet is allowing us to explore once more. Crystall concludes that a surprisingly small number of new words have been spawned while texting, blogging and other forms have given radical opportunities to develop new stylistic rules. He believes that the new forms of interaction seen in the Internet are far more important than changes in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. Finally, as the internet becomes more linguistically varied, it also extends a hand to minority languages and it speakers. It helps speakers of minority language to maintain virtual contact through email, chat and instant messaging environments. The recent technologies like email and text messaging will transform language in a way that certain words might become obsolete.

Biology, How Body Shape Affects Heat Loss Essay Example for Free

Biology, How Body Shape Affects Heat Loss Essay Introduction Small organisms have a surface area that is large enough, compared with their volume. As a results they lose heat rapidly when the environmental temperature is lower than their body temperature. However when the animal gets bigger their volume increases at a larger rate than their surface area, so the surface to volume ratio decreases. Adaptations help organisms to survive in their habitats. Adaptations can be structural, behavioral and physiological. Cold resistant organisms evolved in various ways to cope with very low temperatures. Some animals hibernate, take shelter or migrate to warmer countries. Others, such as Antarctic seals have warm fur and a thick layer of fat for insulation. Antarctic seals are adapted to live in the sea and on the land. They’re big mammals which can survive in the cold and are adapted to not lose heat. For example in comparison to their bodies their heads are really small which decreases the heat loss. Also they have a large and thick layers of fats which insulated the animal on land and in water. Their fur is another characteristic that helps the seal to stay warm. The seal’s black skin reduces heat loss as it absorbs light from the sun and it does not reflect it. Another example of Antarctic animals is a penguin. They have a compact shape, low surface area to volume ratio to reduce heat loss. They also have very thick specialized feathers and a layer of fat which is used for insulation. An example of an animal which lives in hot environment is a desert tortoise. They can be active during the day or the mornings and evenings, it all depends on the temperature. They burrow under the sand to protect themselves from extreme hot temperatures. They can survive without water for nearly a year, they are able to obtain water from their diet as well. They can withdraw their head, legs, and tail into the shell providing themselves protection against other animals, mainly predators. Another example could be the fennec fox. They have large ears, which are 15cm long, those help the fox to lose heat on hot days in the desert. This fox is the only carnivore living in the Sahara desert, and they’re able to survive without free water. They kidneys are adapted to limit water loss. Their burrowing lifestyle helps t decrease the water loss. The thick fur helps insulate them from the cold deserts nights. They sandy fur helps to reflect the heat, and also provides excellent camouflage. The thick fur on the soles of their feet insulates against the hot sand of the desert. Hypothesis: As the surface area of the beakers will increase the time taken to lose the heat from 50 to 40 degrees will decrease. Method: Equipment required: 3 different size beakers like shown in Figure 1, thermometer, timer, ruler and measuring cylinder. 1. Pour 50ml of hot water in one of the beakers, it has to be above 50 degrees. 2. Place the thermometer into the beaker with the hot water in it. Check the temperature, if it’s above 50 degrees wait until it gets to 50. If it’s under 40, heat the water again. 3. As soon as the temperature it’s at 50 degrees, switch on the timer and wait until it gets to 40 degrees. Record the time. 4. Before pouring the water away measure the height of the to the point where the water reaches and the diameter, so the surface area can be calculated. 5. Repeat the entire experiment for each beaker.

Encouraging Children to Join Dance Physical Activities

Encouraging Children to Join Dance Physical Activities ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the study was to encourage young primary 4/ 5 school children to participate in skill based physical activity like dance which has better health benefits then the regular physical education sessions. Methods: An epidemiological cohort study was conducted in randomly selected three schools in Glasgow. 95 children participated out of which 64 underwent 16 weeks of dance training as an additional physical education session in schools by a trained dance professional. Control group (N=31) children attended the regular physical education session of the school. For both the groups measurements were taken at baseline, post 8 weeks and post 16 weeks of the intervention. The aerobic fitness and body fat percentage were the major criteria to assess the effectiveness of the study. Aerobic fitness was measured by 20 m shuttle run test and body fat was assesses by Tanita body composition analyser. Results: A significant improvement in aerobic capacity was reported in the intervention group with mean -1.71  ± SD 1.77; p value Conclusion: The 16 week dance intervention has enhanced the aerobic fitness in children. The study suggests that a well planned entertaining skill based PE session can have positive influence upon increasing physical activity levels in young children. INTRODUCTION Physical inactivity is estimated to cause 2 million deaths worldwide annually. Furthermore it contributes largely to medical costs [1]. Engaging in regular physical activity is an essential element in preventing chronic diseases [2]. It is presupposed that improved physical activity in childhood can reduce the health risks associated with inactivity and benefit health both during childhood and adulthood [3]. However in recent years the inflating physical inactivity in children around the world has gathered considerable attention [4, 5, 6]. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has been attributed in part, to decrease in physical activity. The imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure is a major root for epidemic of child obesity [7]. A large proportion of children in Scotland are insufficiently active in order to gain subsequent health benefits, hence promotion of health enhancing physical activity to children has become a public health priority. Gui delines for Appropriate Physical Activity for Elementary School Children states that children should accumulate at least sixty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a day [8]. To a certain limit, a linear dose-response relationship between physical activity and health can be seen [9]. Researches suggest that habitual physical activity levels decreases over the lifespan, hence children are more active than adolescents and further more than adults. Hence it can be proposed that children who do not develop patterns of regular physical activity are at risk of being sedentary adults. The adequate fitness in childhood is likely to carry beneficial biological and behavioural effects into adulthood. Physically active children are more likely to become physically active adults [10]. The declined physical activity in young children today is widely noticeable; computer games and television shows are attracting childs attention and are preferred over play [11]. Children from sedentary parents are found to be comparatively more inactive then their other counter parts. The triad between physical inactivity, obesity and unhealthiness can be presumed seeing the correlation between the three. Obesity can be relate as a unforeseen trait in a number of chronic diseases and conditions in early and later life like cardiovascular and respiratory problems, insulin resistance (type II diabetes), osteoarthritis, endocrine and metabolic disorders, psychological imbalance etc [12,13]. While evidence proves that physical activity in children improves the bone strength, benefits cardiovascular system, improve glycemic control, improves metabolism, reduce the risk of specific cancers, induce positive state of well-being like self- esteem, self-efficacy, and positive mood states [14,15,16,17,18]. Studies report positive effect of exercise training on cognition in elementary school children [19]. Churchill et al., (2002) suggest improvements in cognition due to exercise is mainly on executive function [20]. The inclusion of a healthy dose of vigorous physical activity in schools as a part of the Educational curriculum can improve the overall development of the child. The school has emerged as a critical setting for promoting health enhancing physical activity in children [21, 22, 23, 24]. School is a universal place where every child around the world spends most of his or her time, hence is a key factor in improving physical activity in children. Studies reviewing the effect of school based interventions propose an improved level of health-related knowledge and fitness in children. But in terms of obesity prevention not much effect has been detected. However, some measure of obesity has found to be downsized. Physical education in schools is not sufficient enough to provide notable health benefits. It appears that when children are given free choice, many of them seem to be less active. In order to get the health related effects it is important to offer skill based physical education sessions like dance, football, rugby etc where children can engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. There are evidence that proves the effect of moderate- vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in weight stability and cardiovascular health [25]. In order to improve physical activity trends in Scottish schools, a school based intervention involving primary school children was developed. The intervention was designed to encourage children to participate in physical activity like dance which is more likely to be welcomed by children of younger age group and to continue it throughout their school career. To upgrade aerobic fitness and to downgrade the fat percentile in children were among the components of the study plan. METHODOLOGY The intervention Dance Yourself Fit focuses on improving the physical activity trends in primary 4-5 school children. Since it has been presupposed that notion of play starts declining by this age. By choosing dance as the mode of exercise, the intervention aims toward enhancing the skill based physical activity in schools along with an increase in the number of physical education (PE) sessions per week. Study design and sampling The Glasgow City Council has randomly selected three primary schools from the same socioeconomic area for the study. 95 healthy 8-9 years old volunteers including 54 girls and 41 boys participated from primary 4-5 classes. The mean weight and height of the participants before the initiation of the study was 30.09 kg with 95% CI (28.428- 131.769) and 132.24 cm with 95% CI (130.75- 133.73) respectively. Each school was visited prior to the start of the study to ensure all potential volunteers, teachers and parents are fully aware of the aims of the study. The method of monitoring and assessment was explained to the students. Adjustment was made by the school to include two physical education sessions per week in their timetable. A qualified dance professional was recruited as a coach to train the students with dance. Normal and healthy is defined as those without any medical condition which can hamper their ability to participate in aerobic exercise. Physical activity and medical questionnaire were given to the students and those considered unsuitable by the test results were excluded from the participation. Children were instructed to cease exercise if they feel any discomfort. Subjects Intervention group consists of 64 students from all the three primary schools. Control group comprise of 31 students, from one of the three randomly selected intervention schools. Children in the control group follow their normal PE sessions and physical activity and they are monitored followed by the intervention group every time the assessment is taken. The flow chart (figure: 1) represents the availability of children for measurements at each level. Consent for participation in the study was taken from the parents/guardians and the participants. Ethical approval of the study was obtained from the ethical community of the University of Glasgow. Exercise Plan Dance sessions were planned for 16 weeks, twice every week for a period of an hour/session. As per Serbescu C et. al two extra sessions of physical education per week were sufficient to obtain improvement in fitness level of the children [26]. Each dance session has a structured format commencing with 5 minutes of warm up followed by 45 minutes of moderate to high intensity dance moves with target intensity reaching up to 65-80% of maximum heart rate and a short cool down period. Measures All the measurements were taken at the baseline, intermediate (i.e. at the end of 8th week) and final levels by the well trained research staff. Comparison between the three levels was done for both the groups to judge the effectiveness of the intervention. In the intervention group, 44 children were present for baseline and final measurements, 41 for baseline and intermediate and 31 for intermediate and final measurements. Heart rate: Exercise intensity was monitored by Polar Heart Rate Monitor. Heart rate monitoring has been used successfully as a means of estimating the stress placed on the cardiopulmonary system and provides an indication of the intensity, duration and frequency of activity [27]. Heart rate monitoring belts were made to worn during the dance sessions. Data was stored in Polar performance software and analysed. Height: A portable stadiometer was used to measure height in centimeters (cm) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight: Tanita body composition analyser was used to measure weight in kilograms (kg) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Both weight and height were measured in light clothing like track pants or shorts with shoe off. Body Fat Percentage: Bioelectrical impedence, a non invasive validated procedure used for measuring body fat [28]. Tanita body composition analyser was used for the same. Houtkooper LB et al suggest that bioelectric impedence is a better test specifically for grading average adiposity in groups [29]. Cardio-respiratory Fitness: The multistage 20-meter shuttle run (MST) / bleep test / beep test was used to assess the maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). Since (VO2max) is considered as a gold standard to assess cardiovascular fitness and MST is a validated test to measure the maximal oxygen uptake [30]. Maximum oxygen carrying capacity (VO2max) and aerobic fitness are directly proportional to each other; a higher (VO2max) value indicates a better cardio respiratory fitness. The test protocol consists of 23 levels. Each level last for 1 minute and comprise of a series of laps that were ran back to forth between two lines set 20 metres apart, with a starting speed of 8.5 km/hr and increases by 0.5 km/hr at each level using a pre-recorded audio tape. A single beep indicates end of a level and three beeps indicate start of the next level. Students can walk, jog or run keeping in time with the beeps until they cannot keep in time with the speed set by the tape which is students maximal ef fort. MST table was used to assess the (VO2max) values [31, 32]. Statistical Analysis Paired t test was used to compare the aerobic fitness (MST score), weight, height and body fat percentile values at baseline, intermediate and final level of both the control and intervention group. Descriptive data are mean  ± SD and statistical significance was analysed at p RESULTS Completed baseline, intermediate and final data were collected from students at the beginning, post 8 weeks and post 16 weeks respectively. Out of 95, 10 students were not present on the day of baseline measurements, 13 for the intermediate and 34 for the final measurements. Height, weight, age, sex, body fat percentage, and MST score were calculated for each child. Some students had incomplete data because of absence on more than 1 day of measurement. These data were excluded from the analysis. Body Fat Percentage Final results showed an overall reduction in fat percentage. At baseline, relative to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly higher body fat percentage (4.17% higher). Comparing the baseline and final data of body fat percentage in the intervention group, a reduction in fat mass with mean of 2.57  ± SD 18.04, p value 0.35 was observed. While baseline and intermediate showed a mean difference of 3.26  ± SD 19.85, p value 0.30. An increase in fat percentile was reported from intermediate to the final results with mean -1.34  ± SD 4.75, p value 0.126. The readings of mean and SD of body fat percentage at all the three levels is given in table1. Aerobic Fitness An improvement in the Multistage Shuttle Run Test (MST) score has been observed in both the groups. At baseline, relative to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly lower aerobic capacity, but by the end of the study intervention group showed better improvement in the aerobic capacity compare to the control group. A significant improvement with p value Heart rate Heart rate was monitored in all the dance sessions for the intervention group as well as the control group during their regular physical activity sessions. Comparing the results of boys from the intervention and control group a higher value of resting heart rate (HR), maximum heart rate (MHR) and average heart rate ( AHR) was reported in the pupil of the intervention group ( 126 bpm, 166 bpm, 132 bpm respectively). For the detailed report of the heart rate during the dance session refer figure: 2. Heart rate monitoring of one of the boy from the control group during the regular PE session showed following results. HR: 87 bpm, MHR: 157 bpm, AHR: 106 bpm . Refer figure: 3 for detailed picture of the heart rate during a regular physical activity session. The heart rate monitor of a girl from the intervention group showed following results. HR: 136 bpm, MHR: 193 bpm and AHR: 156 bpm. A complete range of heart rate during the dance session is given in figure: 4. Gender Difference In the intervention group at the baseline girls had significantly higher estimated body fat percentage (about 4.2 % higher) than boys. This difference in body fat % at the end of intervention went down to 2.24 %. Girls reported significant improvement in the aerobic capacity during the intervention period. Table 3 describes the individual readings of mean and SD of body fat percentage, MST and weight of boys and girls in the intervention group at baseline and final levels. Girls touched approximately 190 bpm of heart rate during the dance session which is much better then the boys MHR range during the dance session. DISCUSSION The unhealthy life style is the major risk factor for many preventive chronic diseases. Therefore the elevating sedentary behaviour in children has become a public health concern around the globe. It has been documented that improved level of exercise capacity in children confers protection against many chronic diseases with underlying risk factors like obesity [33]. Number of studies has confirmed the significance of school based intervention in promoting physical activity in children [21, 22, 23, 24]. Most of these studies involve multiple component procedure like physical activity, time spent in physical activity, dietary intake, class room education, parents involvement etc [34, 35, 36].Though, these studies were designed intensively and most of them had a long follow up period but still were not able to discover the precise factor (physical activity or dietary habits) that has the prime potential in improving the health status of the children. Further more most of these studies are self reporting and hence the results of such interventions can not be considered as significant. In the present study we focused on a novel school-based approach to boost the involvement of children in physical activity which can have health benefits as well as have rejoicing effect on children so that an attempt is made to gain their interest in being active. Our aim was to make the sessions so exciting that children do not find them stereotyped. Health benefits of the intervention Physical activity The intervention Dance Yourself Fit was designed to test the hypothesis that children who participated in 16 weeks of dance sessions conducted by the professional coach would report significant improvement in aerobic capacity and reduction in body fat in contrast to a control group who engaged in the regular PE sessions. In accordance with the hypothesis, the results revealed that scores of MST for children in the intervention group increased significantly following 16 weeks of training. The findings indicate reduced body fat compare to the control group at the end of the intervention as per the bioelectric impedence measurements. In this respect, the study support previously conducted study on physical activity and fitness in elementary school children (Sallis JF, McKenzie TL et al., 1997) [24] and research by Dwyer T et al in South Australia on the effect of daily physical activity in primary school children [37]. Results also support the study by Baquet G et al. (2004) that report ed improved aerobic capacity in children following high-intensity, intermittent-running aerobic exercises [38]. In addition the methodology of the current study does not agree with the design of Wilma J et al. (2008) which has used multiple components to improve physical activity in children. The study has described a lot about the minor aspects of the intervention but has lagged behind in demonstrating the information regarding PE sessions which is an important aspect in assessing the significance of the study. However standard parameters were used to assess the results (Euro Fit test) but the outcome of the study does not transmit any statistical significance. Also the study has not reported any gender comparison on the effect of intervention which is more likely to be seen in any objectively based study [39]. Supposedly there is only handful of studies that has worked on improving the health related physical activity in children. Study by Fairclough S. J et al. (2008) is an educational based intervention on improving the health related exercise in children [40]. The study had 5 classroom sessions, were knowledge of health related benefits of exercise were given to the children. Pre and post questionnaire were given to the children and assessment was made according to the marks scored by the children. The current study does not agree with this education based intervention because it seems unconvincing that children of age group 9-10 will voluntarily engage themselves in health enhancing exercises just by the effect of 5 class room sessions.- The present study showed an overall higher aerobic fitness in boys than girls at the baseline. However, unlike other studies girls showed comparatively better improvement in fitness at the end of the intervention. Maximum Heart Rate Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) measurement was used to judge the intensity of the dance session to elicit aerobic fitness in children. The standard formula of calculating MHR is 220-age but is not preferred for pre pubertal children because their MHR generally range from 195 to 205 beats per minute and is independent of age [41]. As per the ACSM (American College Of Sports Medicine) guidelines the exercise intensity should reach 80 to 85 % of MHR to elicit cardio vascular response. The children in the intervention group reported MHR in the range of 160 to 190 bpm (approximately) which is in the range to have health benefits. In contrast to most of the studies girls surpass boys in MHR range during the intervention sessions. Body Fat Percentage Results suggested a significant increase in the weight of children in both the groups. This can be merely due to the children being at the age of pre pubertal growth spurt which leads to an increase in weight and height. Although the weight gain in children in the intervention group is comparatively lower then the control group. In respect to the measure of body fat percentage used in the current study, the findings indicate that the intervention also had positive impact on fat percentage compared to the control group. Future research is needed to understand the impact of exercise interventions on the relationship between weight status and body fat. Strength The intervention included a large study sample and the duration of the study was long enough to analyse the effectiveness of the intervention. The children were from the age group of 8-9 years (age from which decline in physical activity begins). Since the range is not vast the results are less prone to be biased. The availability of comparable data at baseline, mid and final level of the intervention was an advantage to assess the results of the intervention. Strength of this study also includes the direct measurement of VO2 max, body fat% and aerobic capacity using standard methods of assessment. Involvement of the professional coach for physical education session other then the regular PE teacher has worked as an asset for the study. The result of the study has proved the significance of MVPA in enhancing the health status of children. Limitations When interpreting our results the following limitations should be considered. In total 95 children participated in the study but only a third were present for all the three measurements. This has affected the comparative results between baseline, intermediate and final data. Least number of students was present for the final measurement which might have affected the overall outcome of the study. In the mid of the study children went for Easter vacation and no home based program was given to maintain the effect of the intervention which has shown reverse results. Our scenario here supports the study by Aaron L et al which suggested a reversed intervention effects of the school based interventions during the summer vacations [42]. The physical activity hall in most of these schools were not big enough to have one 20 m running lap as required for 20 meter shuttle run test. A to and fro of 20 m were used to assess the aerobic capacity. Therefore some variation in the readings might be possible. Future Research Despite finding that a 16 week dance intervention enhanced the aerobic fitness in children, future research is required which can prove the long term benefit of physical activity at early age. Studies are required to understand the exercise physiology of girls and boys at the pre pubertal age. Importantly effect of skill based physical education in school system need to be established. Studies are required to establish more effective strategies for encouraging health related physical activity in young children. Is concentrating on overweight or obese children for planning exercise program can be beneficial for better results? Are multiple short sessions of physical activity would be sufficient to get health related benefits compare to one long session of exercise. There are many hypotheses which need to be confirmed through more intense future researches. CONCLUSION Scotland urgently needs more research into physical inactivity and obesity along with useful data on trends in the epidemic of child obesity. The current study suggests the importance of skill based PE session along with the beneficial effect of additional physical education sessions on the health status of the children. A well planned entertaining PE session can have positive influence upon increasing physical activity levels in young children. The study also suggests that government should take steps to improve and increase the physical education in primary schools to combat physical inactivity and obesity in growing children. 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Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Frauman AC, Gansky SA, Bradley CB: Effects of a school-based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in elementary-school children: the Cardiovascular Health in Children (CHIC) study. J Pediatr 1996, 128:797-805. SL Gortmaker, K Peterson and J Wiecha et al., Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153 (1999), pp. 409–418. P Sahota, MCJ Rudolf, R Dixey, AJ Hill, JH Barth and J Cade. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity, BMJ 323 (2001), pp. 1027–1029. M Story, M Evans, RR Fabsitz, TE Clay, BH Rock and B Broussard. The epidemic of obesity in American Indian communities and the need for childhood obesity-prevention programs, Am J Clin Nutr 69 (1999) (suppl), pp. 747S–844S. Dwyer T, Coonan WE, Leitch DR, Hetzel BS, Baghurst RA, An investigation of the effects of daily physical activity on the health of primary school students in South Australia, Int J Epidemiol. 1983 Sep;12(3):308-13. Baquet G, Guinhouya C, Dupont G, Nourry C, Berthoin S. Eff Encouraging Children to Join Dance Physical Activities Encouraging Children to Join Dance Physical Activities ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the study was to encourage young primary 4/ 5 school children to participate in skill based physical activity like dance which has better health benefits then the regular physical education sessions. Methods: An epidemiological cohort study was conducted in randomly selected three schools in Glasgow. 95 children participated out of which 64 underwent 16 weeks of dance training as an additional physical education session in schools by a trained dance professional. Control group (N=31) children attended the regular physical education session of the school. For both the groups measurements were taken at baseline, post 8 weeks and post 16 weeks of the intervention. The aerobic fitness and body fat percentage were the major criteria to assess the effectiveness of the study. Aerobic fitness was measured by 20 m shuttle run test and body fat was assesses by Tanita body composition analyser. Results: A significant improvement in aerobic capacity was reported in the intervention group with mean -1.71  ± SD 1.77; p value Conclusion: The 16 week dance intervention has enhanced the aerobic fitness in children. The study suggests that a well planned entertaining skill based PE session can have positive influence upon increasing physical activity levels in young children. INTRODUCTION Physical inactivity is estimated to cause 2 million deaths worldwide annually. Furthermore it contributes largely to medical costs [1]. Engaging in regular physical activity is an essential element in preventing chronic diseases [2]. It is presupposed that improved physical activity in childhood can reduce the health risks associated with inactivity and benefit health both during childhood and adulthood [3]. However in recent years the inflating physical inactivity in children around the world has gathered considerable attention [4, 5, 6]. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has been attributed in part, to decrease in physical activity. The imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure is a major root for epidemic of child obesity [7]. A large proportion of children in Scotland are insufficiently active in order to gain subsequent health benefits, hence promotion of health enhancing physical activity to children has become a public health priority. Gui delines for Appropriate Physical Activity for Elementary School Children states that children should accumulate at least sixty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a day [8]. To a certain limit, a linear dose-response relationship between physical activity and health can be seen [9]. Researches suggest that habitual physical activity levels decreases over the lifespan, hence children are more active than adolescents and further more than adults. Hence it can be proposed that children who do not develop patterns of regular physical activity are at risk of being sedentary adults. The adequate fitness in childhood is likely to carry beneficial biological and behavioural effects into adulthood. Physically active children are more likely to become physically active adults [10]. The declined physical activity in young children today is widely noticeable; computer games and television shows are attracting childs attention and are preferred over play [11]. Children from sedentary parents are found to be comparatively more inactive then their other counter parts. The triad between physical inactivity, obesity and unhealthiness can be presumed seeing the correlation between the three. Obesity can be relate as a unforeseen trait in a number of chronic diseases and conditions in early and later life like cardiovascular and respiratory problems, insulin resistance (type II diabetes), osteoarthritis, endocrine and metabolic disorders, psychological imbalance etc [12,13]. While evidence proves that physical activity in children improves the bone strength, benefits cardiovascular system, improve glycemic control, improves metabolism, reduce the risk of specific cancers, induce positive state of well-being like self- esteem, self-efficacy, and positive mood states [14,15,16,17,18]. Studies report positive effect of exercise training on cognition in elementary school children [19]. Churchill et al., (2002) suggest improvements in cognition due to exercise is mainly on executive function [20]. The inclusion of a healthy dose of vigorous physical activity in schools as a part of the Educational curriculum can improve the overall development of the child. The school has emerged as a critical setting for promoting health enhancing physical activity in children [21, 22, 23, 24]. School is a universal place where every child around the world spends most of his or her time, hence is a key factor in improving physical activity in children. Studies reviewing the effect of school based interventions propose an improved level of health-related knowledge and fitness in children. But in terms of obesity prevention not much effect has been detected. However, some measure of obesity has found to be downsized. Physical education in schools is not sufficient enough to provide notable health benefits. It appears that when children are given free choice, many of them seem to be less active. In order to get the health related effects it is important to offer skill based physical education sessions like dance, football, rugby etc where children can engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. There are evidence that proves the effect of moderate- vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in weight stability and cardiovascular health [25]. In order to improve physical activity trends in Scottish schools, a school based intervention involving primary school children was developed. The intervention was designed to encourage children to participate in physical activity like dance which is more likely to be welcomed by children of younger age group and to continue it throughout their school career. To upgrade aerobic fitness and to downgrade the fat percentile in children were among the components of the study plan. METHODOLOGY The intervention Dance Yourself Fit focuses on improving the physical activity trends in primary 4-5 school children. Since it has been presupposed that notion of play starts declining by this age. By choosing dance as the mode of exercise, the intervention aims toward enhancing the skill based physical activity in schools along with an increase in the number of physical education (PE) sessions per week. Study design and sampling The Glasgow City Council has randomly selected three primary schools from the same socioeconomic area for the study. 95 healthy 8-9 years old volunteers including 54 girls and 41 boys participated from primary 4-5 classes. The mean weight and height of the participants before the initiation of the study was 30.09 kg with 95% CI (28.428- 131.769) and 132.24 cm with 95% CI (130.75- 133.73) respectively. Each school was visited prior to the start of the study to ensure all potential volunteers, teachers and parents are fully aware of the aims of the study. The method of monitoring and assessment was explained to the students. Adjustment was made by the school to include two physical education sessions per week in their timetable. A qualified dance professional was recruited as a coach to train the students with dance. Normal and healthy is defined as those without any medical condition which can hamper their ability to participate in aerobic exercise. Physical activity and medical questionnaire were given to the students and those considered unsuitable by the test results were excluded from the participation. Children were instructed to cease exercise if they feel any discomfort. Subjects Intervention group consists of 64 students from all the three primary schools. Control group comprise of 31 students, from one of the three randomly selected intervention schools. Children in the control group follow their normal PE sessions and physical activity and they are monitored followed by the intervention group every time the assessment is taken. The flow chart (figure: 1) represents the availability of children for measurements at each level. Consent for participation in the study was taken from the parents/guardians and the participants. Ethical approval of the study was obtained from the ethical community of the University of Glasgow. Exercise Plan Dance sessions were planned for 16 weeks, twice every week for a period of an hour/session. As per Serbescu C et. al two extra sessions of physical education per week were sufficient to obtain improvement in fitness level of the children [26]. Each dance session has a structured format commencing with 5 minutes of warm up followed by 45 minutes of moderate to high intensity dance moves with target intensity reaching up to 65-80% of maximum heart rate and a short cool down period. Measures All the measurements were taken at the baseline, intermediate (i.e. at the end of 8th week) and final levels by the well trained research staff. Comparison between the three levels was done for both the groups to judge the effectiveness of the intervention. In the intervention group, 44 children were present for baseline and final measurements, 41 for baseline and intermediate and 31 for intermediate and final measurements. Heart rate: Exercise intensity was monitored by Polar Heart Rate Monitor. Heart rate monitoring has been used successfully as a means of estimating the stress placed on the cardiopulmonary system and provides an indication of the intensity, duration and frequency of activity [27]. Heart rate monitoring belts were made to worn during the dance sessions. Data was stored in Polar performance software and analysed. Height: A portable stadiometer was used to measure height in centimeters (cm) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight: Tanita body composition analyser was used to measure weight in kilograms (kg) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Both weight and height were measured in light clothing like track pants or shorts with shoe off. Body Fat Percentage: Bioelectrical impedence, a non invasive validated procedure used for measuring body fat [28]. Tanita body composition analyser was used for the same. Houtkooper LB et al suggest that bioelectric impedence is a better test specifically for grading average adiposity in groups [29]. Cardio-respiratory Fitness: The multistage 20-meter shuttle run (MST) / bleep test / beep test was used to assess the maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). Since (VO2max) is considered as a gold standard to assess cardiovascular fitness and MST is a validated test to measure the maximal oxygen uptake [30]. Maximum oxygen carrying capacity (VO2max) and aerobic fitness are directly proportional to each other; a higher (VO2max) value indicates a better cardio respiratory fitness. The test protocol consists of 23 levels. Each level last for 1 minute and comprise of a series of laps that were ran back to forth between two lines set 20 metres apart, with a starting speed of 8.5 km/hr and increases by 0.5 km/hr at each level using a pre-recorded audio tape. A single beep indicates end of a level and three beeps indicate start of the next level. Students can walk, jog or run keeping in time with the beeps until they cannot keep in time with the speed set by the tape which is students maximal ef fort. MST table was used to assess the (VO2max) values [31, 32]. Statistical Analysis Paired t test was used to compare the aerobic fitness (MST score), weight, height and body fat percentile values at baseline, intermediate and final level of both the control and intervention group. Descriptive data are mean  ± SD and statistical significance was analysed at p RESULTS Completed baseline, intermediate and final data were collected from students at the beginning, post 8 weeks and post 16 weeks respectively. Out of 95, 10 students were not present on the day of baseline measurements, 13 for the intermediate and 34 for the final measurements. Height, weight, age, sex, body fat percentage, and MST score were calculated for each child. Some students had incomplete data because of absence on more than 1 day of measurement. These data were excluded from the analysis. Body Fat Percentage Final results showed an overall reduction in fat percentage. At baseline, relative to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly higher body fat percentage (4.17% higher). Comparing the baseline and final data of body fat percentage in the intervention group, a reduction in fat mass with mean of 2.57  ± SD 18.04, p value 0.35 was observed. While baseline and intermediate showed a mean difference of 3.26  ± SD 19.85, p value 0.30. An increase in fat percentile was reported from intermediate to the final results with mean -1.34  ± SD 4.75, p value 0.126. The readings of mean and SD of body fat percentage at all the three levels is given in table1. Aerobic Fitness An improvement in the Multistage Shuttle Run Test (MST) score has been observed in both the groups. At baseline, relative to the control group, children in the intervention group had significantly lower aerobic capacity, but by the end of the study intervention group showed better improvement in the aerobic capacity compare to the control group. A significant improvement with p value Heart rate Heart rate was monitored in all the dance sessions for the intervention group as well as the control group during their regular physical activity sessions. Comparing the results of boys from the intervention and control group a higher value of resting heart rate (HR), maximum heart rate (MHR) and average heart rate ( AHR) was reported in the pupil of the intervention group ( 126 bpm, 166 bpm, 132 bpm respectively). For the detailed report of the heart rate during the dance session refer figure: 2. Heart rate monitoring of one of the boy from the control group during the regular PE session showed following results. HR: 87 bpm, MHR: 157 bpm, AHR: 106 bpm . Refer figure: 3 for detailed picture of the heart rate during a regular physical activity session. The heart rate monitor of a girl from the intervention group showed following results. HR: 136 bpm, MHR: 193 bpm and AHR: 156 bpm. A complete range of heart rate during the dance session is given in figure: 4. Gender Difference In the intervention group at the baseline girls had significantly higher estimated body fat percentage (about 4.2 % higher) than boys. This difference in body fat % at the end of intervention went down to 2.24 %. Girls reported significant improvement in the aerobic capacity during the intervention period. Table 3 describes the individual readings of mean and SD of body fat percentage, MST and weight of boys and girls in the intervention group at baseline and final levels. Girls touched approximately 190 bpm of heart rate during the dance session which is much better then the boys MHR range during the dance session. DISCUSSION The unhealthy life style is the major risk factor for many preventive chronic diseases. Therefore the elevating sedentary behaviour in children has become a public health concern around the globe. It has been documented that improved level of exercise capacity in children confers protection against many chronic diseases with underlying risk factors like obesity [33]. Number of studies has confirmed the significance of school based intervention in promoting physical activity in children [21, 22, 23, 24]. Most of these studies involve multiple component procedure like physical activity, time spent in physical activity, dietary intake, class room education, parents involvement etc [34, 35, 36].Though, these studies were designed intensively and most of them had a long follow up period but still were not able to discover the precise factor (physical activity or dietary habits) that has the prime potential in improving the health status of the children. Further more most of these studies are self reporting and hence the results of such interventions can not be considered as significant. In the present study we focused on a novel school-based approach to boost the involvement of children in physical activity which can have health benefits as well as have rejoicing effect on children so that an attempt is made to gain their interest in being active. Our aim was to make the sessions so exciting that children do not find them stereotyped. Health benefits of the intervention Physical activity The intervention Dance Yourself Fit was designed to test the hypothesis that children who participated in 16 weeks of dance sessions conducted by the professional coach would report significant improvement in aerobic capacity and reduction in body fat in contrast to a control group who engaged in the regular PE sessions. In accordance with the hypothesis, the results revealed that scores of MST for children in the intervention group increased significantly following 16 weeks of training. The findings indicate reduced body fat compare to the control group at the end of the intervention as per the bioelectric impedence measurements. In this respect, the study support previously conducted study on physical activity and fitness in elementary school children (Sallis JF, McKenzie TL et al., 1997) [24] and research by Dwyer T et al in South Australia on the effect of daily physical activity in primary school children [37]. Results also support the study by Baquet G et al. (2004) that report ed improved aerobic capacity in children following high-intensity, intermittent-running aerobic exercises [38]. In addition the methodology of the current study does not agree with the design of Wilma J et al. (2008) which has used multiple components to improve physical activity in children. The study has described a lot about the minor aspects of the intervention but has lagged behind in demonstrating the information regarding PE sessions which is an important aspect in assessing the significance of the study. However standard parameters were used to assess the results (Euro Fit test) but the outcome of the study does not transmit any statistical significance. Also the study has not reported any gender comparison on the effect of intervention which is more likely to be seen in any objectively based study [39]. Supposedly there is only handful of studies that has worked on improving the health related physical activity in children. Study by Fairclough S. J et al. (2008) is an educational based intervention on improving the health related exercise in children [40]. The study had 5 classroom sessions, were knowledge of health related benefits of exercise were given to the children. Pre and post questionnaire were given to the children and assessment was made according to the marks scored by the children. The current study does not agree with this education based intervention because it seems unconvincing that children of age group 9-10 will voluntarily engage themselves in health enhancing exercises just by the effect of 5 class room sessions.- The present study showed an overall higher aerobic fitness in boys than girls at the baseline. However, unlike other studies girls showed comparatively better improvement in fitness at the end of the intervention. Maximum Heart Rate Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) measurement was used to judge the intensity of the dance session to elicit aerobic fitness in children. The standard formula of calculating MHR is 220-age but is not preferred for pre pubertal children because their MHR generally range from 195 to 205 beats per minute and is independent of age [41]. As per the ACSM (American College Of Sports Medicine) guidelines the exercise intensity should reach 80 to 85 % of MHR to elicit cardio vascular response. The children in the intervention group reported MHR in the range of 160 to 190 bpm (approximately) which is in the range to have health benefits. In contrast to most of the studies girls surpass boys in MHR range during the intervention sessions. Body Fat Percentage Results suggested a significant increase in the weight of children in both the groups. This can be merely due to the children being at the age of pre pubertal growth spurt which leads to an increase in weight and height. Although the weight gain in children in the intervention group is comparatively lower then the control group. In respect to the measure of body fat percentage used in the current study, the findings indicate that the intervention also had positive impact on fat percentage compared to the control group. Future research is needed to understand the impact of exercise interventions on the relationship between weight status and body fat. Strength The intervention included a large study sample and the duration of the study was long enough to analyse the effectiveness of the intervention. The children were from the age group of 8-9 years (age from which decline in physical activity begins). Since the range is not vast the results are less prone to be biased. The availability of comparable data at baseline, mid and final level of the intervention was an advantage to assess the results of the intervention. Strength of this study also includes the direct measurement of VO2 max, body fat% and aerobic capacity using standard methods of assessment. Involvement of the professional coach for physical education session other then the regular PE teacher has worked as an asset for the study. The result of the study has proved the significance of MVPA in enhancing the health status of children. Limitations When interpreting our results the following limitations should be considered. In total 95 children participated in the study but only a third were present for all the three measurements. This has affected the comparative results between baseline, intermediate and final data. Least number of students was present for the final measurement which might have affected the overall outcome of the study. In the mid of the study children went for Easter vacation and no home based program was given to maintain the effect of the intervention which has shown reverse results. Our scenario here supports the study by Aaron L et al which suggested a reversed intervention effects of the school based interventions during the summer vacations [42]. The physical activity hall in most of these schools were not big enough to have one 20 m running lap as required for 20 meter shuttle run test. A to and fro of 20 m were used to assess the aerobic capacity. Therefore some variation in the readings might be possible. Future Research Despite finding that a 16 week dance intervention enhanced the aerobic fitness in children, future research is required which can prove the long term benefit of physical activity at early age. Studies are required to understand the exercise physiology of girls and boys at the pre pubertal age. Importantly effect of skill based physical education in school system need to be established. Studies are required to establish more effective strategies for encouraging health related physical activity in young children. Is concentrating on overweight or obese children for planning exercise program can be beneficial for better results? Are multiple short sessions of physical activity would be sufficient to get health related benefits compare to one long session of exercise. There are many hypotheses which need to be confirmed through more intense future researches. CONCLUSION Scotland urgently needs more research into physical inactivity and obesity along with useful data on trends in the epidemic of child obesity. The current study suggests the importance of skill based PE session along with the beneficial effect of additional physical education sessions on the health status of the children. A well planned entertaining PE session can have positive influence upon increasing physical activity levels in young children. The study also suggests that government should take steps to improve and increase the physical education in primary schools to combat physical inactivity and obesity in growing children. 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