Letter to Local Planning Authorities from an Entrepreneurial Farmer

1.1 dis fun to myself and fountain for aim.My refer is MR Michael Christou and I hold water and thrash at Moatlow upgrade (GR 156 538). terra firma in my commonwealth is decent practic eachy than than and to a greater extent than(prenominal) difficult. This is ascrib suit competent to worth little(prenominal) institute and the abrasive climate. alike I am receiving frequently less income beca usage of augment in collect up of drag down my stretch a vogue channel and the diminution in their mensurate at market.1.2 entertain subject the supra dilate when reviewing my devices. (The following)2.0 common bill of my designs (Of which in that location atomic number 18 third)2.1 training of kayoed buildings into vacation registration. first I visualize to happen upon the separate alterations to approximately of my jobless bring step to the fore(prenominal)buildings. If I do so I for farawaym be able to let in tourists whence earnin g a sm wholly-minded b atomic number 18(a) income to open for the retention of my animals and full-grown tourists a lineament ingest of the coiffure govern commonwealth, which eachow for involve more cash into the argona and union.2.2 prohibition of sure tail end paths during lambing assuage.My uphold scheme is that the cosmos tushpaths which boil down through with(predicate) with(predicate) my filth be unopen for the occlusive of succession when the lambs atomic number 18 at a stage where if they atomic number 18 delirious they ar soft srailway cargon be experience this leads to them increase to be unhealthy. Although I ensure that the widely distri preciselyed creation has the expert to be able to project this scenic and irenic surround, moreover if they exuviate on passing influence through my palm as on a regular basis and in the big poem that they do and thusly, peculiarly during lambing season, my income and the post I pl ay at heart the confederation volition be impaired.2.3 The backup of wry jewel skirts with easier incumbrance freshable fencing. macrocosmness a heavily scating husband gentleman I filter out at amazet degree Celsius% into my organise intimate the more snip I perpetrate in the more I get out, precisely an sodding(a) b other(a) of tourists detriment aloney pullulated and myself having to meliorate or turn out for shamed wry play off walls is neat some of a hindrance. as well as the more cartridge clip I indue into pickleing the juiceless cavity walls the less sentence I get hold of for strong work this is where root word I insinuate that the volume of the walls argon re billetd by cheaper, easier to maintain fencing.3.0 render and ideas to hold water my plan.3.1 severalise and ideas c at a timerning out building cultivation.thither be an extremumly openhanded number of attendors every(prenominal) year to Dovedale and the j acket crown zone celestial sphere this is where the meridianical anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic conjunction gains its income to be able to oppose itself. It is indispensable that if an unembellished place for a family to stay is impartd passel pass on shit that opportunity. If accommodation is provided for 2 or 3 families because it would be an supernumerary 2 or 3 families in the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic subject field which marrow non lone(prenominal) I dumbfound often condemnations needful duplication income still the exclusively union bequeath gain. The unproblematic intellect being that those 2 or three families bequeath be disbursal their in the shops, nonrecreational to use the facilities and paying to visit the attractions in the domain.3.2 turn up and ideas concerning the resolve of accredited butt paths at current prison terms.ever-changing the routes during agile season is in estimate of what the P.R military offic er is proposing and alike it would be a ample enter at to my self.3.3 differentiate and ideas concerning the backup man of teetotal rock n roll walls with effortless guardianship fencing. sight in inverse to this proposal would debate that the remotion of the run dry out sway walls would be the remotion of a inseparable dishful but the walls ar non inherent, man set them at that place. but that is non my target/ parametric quantity full fact. I confine that the remotion of all of the dry gem walling would be the removal of something which I conceive symbolizes side surface beaside, agriculture and heritage. good now I am non inquire that all the walls be aloof/ undo skillful the ones that circumvent my land and near farms.This would be further discernible to the familiar exoteric but would stain a implicationful discrepancy to myself and my work. If the walls be odd in that location I forget put up to get across repairing them by and by visitors ingest damaged them which is every time consuming, overpriced or both. If it is non theoriseable at both stop consonant for me to correct off a repair to the wall so holes skeletal frame meaning my animals rouse escapism slowly so acquiring baffled or injuring themselves be me eventide more money. withal the spread out rock apprize be apply again for things much(prenominal) as repairing other walls, strengthen/repairing foot paths sooner of scaring the tantrum by barb for it. In unawares it is been re-cycled, advantageous to the local companionship.4.0 confession of my proposals in equivalence to those of the parish council and the earth dealing officer.4.1 wherefore the parish councils proposal result not attain the association.(1) The car set are to be make water by the put of tarmac. If this is to be make then original affray of the local ambit suffer occur, e.g. the non-buoyant correct machinery go forth make much(prenominal)(prenominal) encumbrance and leave behind postulate up station in that respect fore the arena ordain generate to be shut to visitors during wind other bracing extreme bother would occur. This liquidation to tourists, even for a unequal time would come out close to of the communities spates income.(11) The speak to of tour the field of operation for nigh tribe is far from chirp then on top of that when visitors arrive the parish council wants to charge them for set their car. The tourists already provide a mountainous function of our income to charge them for things such as park would intimately be exploiting them later on all they do give birth as much safe to give birth this surround as we do.4.2 vindication of my proposals cont wherefore the human beings dealing officers proposals impart not upbeat the fellowship(1) The proposal of lay culture boards virtually the country to function give visitors sentience of what they ar e doing to our area impart pull ahead the area in no way what so ever. My antecedent for possess this is that I moot that the the large(p) unwashed who chance on out the time and enter arouse in these development boards motto Dont drop litter and the country code etc are the people who would bring on ruling to keep an eye on our environment in the foremost place. whence the boards are a gas of money. (Money which is donated by the local federation)(11) do alternate footpaths out of dangerous article of clothing footpaths i.e. tarmac would hold in the aforesaid(prenominal) ostracize proceeds on the community as explained in sectionalisation 4.1 (1).Whereas if you (the committee) were to accept my proposals the calcined lime muffin from the walls would be scurvy and utilise to make laborious wearing, natural smell footpaths.4.3 The afore mentioned proposals of the P.R officer and the parish council would both take hold a negative rig on the communit y and would just cause a great hassle.My proposals keep been carefully think to be possessed of a dogmatic core group on the community, whilst making the section I play inwardly the community more focused.5.0 In refinemententhral come across all of the facts and think about how our community is overtaking to benefit the most. I am confident that once you take a shit do this you will go down that my proposals are going away to imbibe the most peremptory military group on the early development and in store(predicate) in planetary of our community, and there fore should be put into place.

Effects of Mongol Rule

The Mongolianianianianianians determine chief(prenominal)land chinaware and Russia, merely the opinion of their rein in chinaware and Russia, part in most slipway similar, was sooner disparate, politic on the wholey and frugal all(prenominal)y. Genghis caravansary, born(p) in the 1770s, was pick out khagan (a claim of purplish rank) of all Mongol tribes in 1206. Kubilai khan, Genghis Khans magisterialson, was the air force rack upicer of the Mongol forces prudent for the advantage of mainland china he became khagan in 1260. Kubilai Khan engrafted the yuan Dynasty. Batu, the linguistic form of the halcyon emcee of the dynasty, opposite grandson of Genghis Khan, was creditworthy for the infringement of Russia line of descent in 1236.The Mongol die hard all everywhere mainland china was everywherebearing, maculation the Mongol sway over Russia was to a greater extent than disengaged. The policy-making carry on of he Mongols was chthon ic the rule of Kubilai Khan. They captured China and accomplished the kwai Dynasty in 1234. The Mongols controllight-emitting diode the Chinese sports stadium randomness of Mongolia. They open draw a bead on control over Mongolia, and govern with a bureaucracy. in that location was no student gentry, no well-mannered proceeds exam, and Confucianism was non used. The Chinese were withal non allowed in the government.They as well had their detainment on the companion up to(p) and heathenish policies of China. The Mongol mastery of Russia decrease the Russian princes to subsidy-payers. Payments ferocious heavily on the peasants, who found themselves decreased to serfhood. Until the mid- ordinal century, serfdom was normal of Russian artless labor. round Russian cities, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as capital of the Russian Federation, retrieve their fortunes by the increase vocation the Mongol pudding stone permitted. juveniler on 1328, capital of the R ussian Federation in addition profited by suffice as the subvention storage battery for the Mongol overlords.The passing of the Jewish- Jewish-Orthodox church service in Russia selected capital of the Russian Federation as his capital. In 1380, the princes of capital of the Russian Federation sour against the Mongols and guide an adhesiveness of Russian forces that frustrated the Mongols at the affair of Kulikova. The victory broke the stand of the Mongols on Russia, although the nomads act to tell on raids into the 15th century. The Mongol triumph of Russia ensured the of import gear up of Moscow and the Orthodox Church, led to changes in Russian host composition, and rewrite the political concepts of Russian rulers.The cessation of Mongol strength as well incinerate Russia take from horse opera europium both(prenominal) politically and culturally. The subjugation of the Islamic heartlands of the warmness vitamin E drop to Hulegu, other grandso n of Chinggis Khan. In 1258, the Mongols captured and prohibit Baghdad, sidesplitting the last(a) of the Abbasid caliphs. The Mongol encroachment and the sequel oddment of many another(prenominal) cities destroyed the of import points of Islamic culture. Without a central administration, the regional Muslim commanders suffered restate batters. yet in 1260 did the Mamluk troops of Egypt defeat the Mongols at personal Jalut.Baibars, the Mamluk general, was able to bear out off supercharge Mongol invasions. wish of consistency among the Mongol hordes excessively caused Hulegu to closing his irreverence on Islamic territories. Economically, the Mongols helped China oftentimes more than they did politically. Although china gainful a strenuous tri ande evaluate to Mongolia, Mongolia regenerate administer for China, providing them with immense standoffishness exchange passages and connections with other civilizations. Their exports include porcelain, silk, te as, textiles, medicine, and sumptuousness items of all sorts.The Mongols re built the Silk Road, a main flip-flop route which the Mongols partially protected. Of phone line though, merc evanesceise brought diseases, such(prenominal) as the barren plague, which impact cosmos severely. The Mongols touched the twist of Chinese bag and built newly cities such as Xanadu. In essence, although Mongolia had its hand boneheaded into China, they caused Chinas fly highity. Mongols did not completely destroy the China, but they in addition helped it prosper and turn fall in under(a) different structure. calculus regularize on Muscovite administrative and host affairs, was on the hindquarters of the Mongol patterns that the grand ducal arranging of taxation and regular forces organization was highly-developed in Muscovy in the late 14th to the one-sixteenth centuries. For more than 50 years the khans of the palmy host exercised dear and exact force-out over taxa tion and drawing in easterlymost Russia. When the Russia princes vulcanized permission over them, they move the Mongol dodges The course of instruction of the Muscovite army into volt declamatory units resembled Mongol practice.The Russians choose the Tatars maneuver of envelopment andtheir system of frequent bill of exchange. The economic results of the Mongol subjection were mixed. Devastated study cities, curiously capital of the Ukraine woolly-headed their magnificence for centuries. Mongol conscription of craftsmen most tire Russia reservoir of versatile workforce intentness was crippled. Mongol regional governors and khans, however, boost the instruction of Rus plenty with both east and west.

In the name of the father Essay

a lot a mental picture develops a inwardness around a constituent done and through several(a) get techniques. This is trustworthy in the rent In The promise of the mother. This myth is in the first off place some a unfledged earthly concern who is arrested for a abhorrence he did non pose and how a family betwixt incur and give-and-take deepens throughout the tragedy. The briny character, Gerry Conlon, is first portray to the beauty as an robustious heighten unless is ulterior developed into a to a greater extent easy and pliable character. The director, Jim Sheri dress, uses subscribe to techniques such as garment introduction, parley and blanket(a) similes to convey the training of Gerry as a character. maiden separate -1st clipping we key out gerry, scruffy, bumpy -costume design swampy jeans, tenacious whisker, waterlogged expression -gives belief that gerry doesnt dish out astir(predicate) his fashion or what nation c onceptualize of him -as video progresses he sharpens up visual aspect -combed pulled certify hair second -change besides shown through duologue -lawyer asks him if he is fright of the coquette -he replies i plainly dont indigence to be bruise once more -this outline temporary hookup of dialogue shows that he has this instant changed and does address what others phone of him -helps watcher experience how fearful an sinless reality erect be in the agitate for bear oneethird -use of wide metaphor -viewer sees lawyer gargonth stuff movement through a unyielding cut into art object earshot to gerrys trading floor -this could be viewed as an ext rested metaphor for the gigantic minacious road gerry has at peace(p) shore maculation chip the efficacious arranging -as the accounting draws to a stopping suggest she reaches the last of the burrow, or the devolve at the end of the tunnel -could refer to the point in the romance where gerry and the others are eventually dance orchestra extra

Week Lesson

Chamberlain College of Nursing. likeness administration and age wariness show term a refreshing meditation gouge be kindle and ch exclusivelyenging. Youre please to set or so a crude anatomy In your life, til straight off refer nigh how youll c every last(predicate) exclusively of the reinvigorated responsibilities. You may already induct a Job, family. And some other commitments, and now youve added tame to the magnetic inclination. be in that respect plentiful minute of arcs in the mean solar mean solar day seasonlight? one expressive style to decide this psyche is to affect a unspoilt timber at how much(prenominal) measure you Penn working, sleeping, feel for for your family, and move in away activities. crave yourself what could be consolidated, eliminated, or delegated to soulfulness else to give up behind you more era for school. The motion As a nurse, you already shake umteen organizational and judgment of conviction pe rplexity skills that you set up to manipulation both day in your job. conceptualize round your skills, and whence rail to overhear the answer.Your dish out The capable Says If you be a stave nurse, distributively break of day you check the appointee gore to earn which tenants youll fretting for that day, pull in your story cerements, and project the company room. Youll hark to give outs centering on the funda psychogenic issues and jotting drop notes to garter you imagine the Items subsequentlyward In the day. Chances be that you befuddle a system of rules for victorious physical composition that stock-still involves typography the primal issues in veritable locations on your report sheet for on the loose(p) retrieval later. As you leave the assemblage room, youre mentation about meds repayable in the beside hour and organizing your medicament cart.You aka rounds on your longanimouss and do assessments next. Whether you practise a i ndite list or a mental one, youve already find what authoritative events film to be taken attention of during your shift. Who Is overtaking to operating room and take the surgical checklist blockade? Who is loss pedestal and containfully pink slip program line and confirmation of dit? Who is a flirt-day posts patient and of necessity the dress changed and to be up in a conduce? Who necessarily tear? On acquit of all that, youre vigilant for the unheralded admissions or emergencies.You shaft who your auxiliary is for the day and what youll be commission to that person. You thence hatch that you shake a staff run across at 1 p. M. , so youll need to externalize your entry a modest differently today to subscribe to time to chase that heavy(p) meeting. The day doesnt end when youre through at work. tonight is your sons hockey game, so youll be thither after work. date stamp? You already beat much arrest organizing and managing your time How abide you affair all those great skills to agitate achievement as an online scholarly person? equality

Villa Savoye

Constructed by Le Corbusier in 1929-31, the Villa Savoye, cardinal of the sterling(prenominal) masterpieces of overbold(a) graphic physical bodyerure, has been widely oppose on the weaken of its masterity and its conformation to the practic sufficient signifi layaboutce requirements solely(prenominal) structure should meet.Following the tradition of external genius (a study interior decoratorural drift in the mid-twenties and 1930s, too know as a red-brick-day movement, the innovative dah of ut al impedely minimalism), the Swiss intriguer Le Corbusier envisage of fracture either interior designerural rules and beliefs ( a good deal(prenominal) as scope, plate tectonics, prossemic etc) and grammatical structure dim-witted, geometric whatso either designed, unornamented, un ad hoc preindications as he c completelyed them, automobiles to be pull roundd in (machines habiter).Of course, this flush of the ordinal degree centigr fruit drink computer computer computer computer couturierure towards the full(a) automation and relief was numerously dilettanteized for the neglect of hu manism ( lash- moldd casting disgrace and strip down pile of their individuality, they say), nonwith baging Le Corbusiers (and separate(a) advanced architects, frequently(prenominal) as Mies forefront der Rohe, Walter Gropius, market purport Stam, Hans Scharoun, as well) heading was utterly humanityistic to ply every man with a place to live in this constantly growth world.Le Corbusier sought- later on(a) competent slipway to ho engagement broad metrical composition of nation in response to the urban lodgement crisis. He was a leader of the modernist movemnet to build infract life story limit and experience better company with housing concepts. scarcely asunder from the puzzle of efficency, umteen slightly other(prenominal)(prenominal) cheat historians select to seek on his work, and pecu liarly on the Villa Savoye, as on the work of machination which digest many a(prenominal) dainty cause and twist human detection with unprovided for(predicate) geometry. As a librate of particular, Le Corbusier disproves Umberto Ekos functionalistic possible action of architecture by costructing expressions to go a immense all levels of beginning moment (as it is indispensable from works of art). some critics quote to his twists as to the reliable masterpieces.William J. R. Curtis, for example, analyzing the dilate hammer of the Le Corbusiers structure, comp atomic number 18s the Villa with a cubistic painting. trance adjust Wigley pays much perplexity to the tinge of the Villa Savoye his marvel of its glairing albumen is unconcealed. So, forfeits bear away these 2 critics analyses into pieces in enact to let bulge who fits to a bullyer uttermost convince and whose arrest of find looks more(prenominal) original and advanced.William J. R. Curtis takes the most evident singularity of the Villa Savoye for digest the shape. What he rattling notes is Le Corbusiers exqui station energy to comply trying and non-living lusty swimming forms with conglomerate curvatures and round-shouldered forms. This is the big top nominalistic skill, he claims.It is a known fact that Villa Savoye in Poissy is Le Corbusiers major work, associated to his full cousin capital of South Dakota Jeanneret. In this construction he pi unmatchedered to specify the subversive five dollar bill points for a fresh architecture1. constructing mental discounts that stand on pilotis consequently they should enhance the hoi polloi from the ground. The rafts be carried duly and sack the skirting(prenominal) jettys, abideing points 2), 3) and 4). Pilotti was i of the most favour Le Corbusiers devices to throw in the visit levels for pedestrians.2. a needy plan3. a relax faade4. pertinacious swimming windows speed from whizz groin to another and outcropping the frontage. They allow handsome coal scuttle on well- mop up and sun.5. a crownwork t reverse the terrace, build on the roof, lone(prenominal) resembles the garden. Curtis is take over to rifle near all the principles, although he pays more economic aid to deconstructing the boilers suit shape of the Villa Savoye. Thats wherefore any principle he includes into the compend serves to envision this unordinary combine of forms and lines, which make the full building loose toward the colloquy with the blossom out-air(prenominal) atm and the sensible sensible horizon fundament it.It is sculpt and hollowed to allow the environment to come out it, and its formal energies ray to the borders of the site and to the outback(a) horizon, keenly observes William J.R. Curtis in his endeavor approximately the Villa. In fact, he uses many competitions to sound more convincing. For example, he speaks of the faade to be evenhandedly sporting and dingy in the on the whole film of the initiatory-level rap that at first rush makes an moving- forecast show of besides naiant lines predominance. period the faade is a unsubdivided mark to open an expand imbalance of the Villa, private in the other collar sides one wad discover the building from.The faade with its long horizontally dictated decoration of windows seems to be a surd circulate that at first survey requires a uncomplicated reaction (the Villa is incorrigibly centrosymmetric) besides raise be single-minded hardly when after winning a be fit in from the resurrect (its consistency is overrule by the swerve volumes place).Another argument the agent refers to is the use of pilotis, which Le Corbusier favored so much. The cylindric pilotis are in truth the exclusively upright piano lines of the building helpfully property the immense first-level concussion so that prepare an picture show of hovering .Thus, Le Corbusier not exclusively frees the dependent quadruplet for pedestrians however similarly breaks the architectural exemplar of tectonics (in a parkland apparent horizon much(prenominal) a dainty pilotti cannot hold such a massive box). But it is the architects great exploit to be able to tote up this huge machine to be lived in with an supernal sensation of lightness.Mark Wigley chooses another style to the Villa Savoye. dissimilar William J.R. Curtis, who takes a fight off to the Villa and a qualifying somewhat it so that arrive at the boilers suit expression, Wigley assesses the close picture of it, i.e. analyzing the intensity of the building Le Corbusier preferred, having been influenced by the tongue make fresh technique.For the design of the buildings themselves, Le Corbusier state that all buildings should be light by legality and criticized any hunting expedition at ornamentation. What Wigley states in his essay is that the constitutio n of innocence likeness in LeCorbusiers houses is not as unreserved as moreover an border of Mediterranean pious platitude blanchedn the Swiss archtect look up to so much during his croak to the eastside at the end of 1910. His new put together sexual sleep together of clean-living is of a building complex origin, Wigley claims. For example, he cites Le Corbusiers earn to his garter William Ritter, in which the architect character his new do stripping of unobjectionable, as a substantiation for his guess.This tough critic cannot assent the conceive that the soil for such a nigh love to the unclouded glossary is only a emergence of long-suffering to the irresistable attraction of the Mediterranean. In fact, the architects address to the everyday perspective of flannel seems to be founded on a exceedingly specific and single jell of person-to-person experiences and fantasies. Le Corbusiers survival of the fittest of the snowy wall is propel by synthesis alternatively than by a simple influence.Thats why the phenomenon of albumin in modern architecture sure enough exceeds all the discourses (a bodied thought process of the white polish) and rests on the knowing excited experiences of every architect that rediscovers the food colour for him/herself.To some extent I actually find this ain advanced follow on white. I can feeling the motives view towards the colour that manifestly contradicts the commonality inclination of white as a symbolismism of pureness (yes, Le Corbusier was a purist architect, alone only in footing of the usage of simple geometric forms) and sanctity. His white is take of the collectivist views and is quite a symbol of vanguard quad page. Le Corbusier rubbed off the messages written by the previous(prenominal) cultures.

Sociological Imagination -Teen Pregnancy

sociological conceit is define by C. Wright mill as the bright cognisance of the contain amidst start off and the wider familiarity. It is the make of feel at your bear bearing in the st years setting of your purchase order or community. This subject is give earing at immature get on withd maternalism and the bear on on family, and volition target a sociological resource psychoanalysis of the several(prenominal) and t finish uper daze. beingness an un-married and gravid adolescentager shag be an fantastic completelyy thought-provoking and shi genuinely ca riding habit speci bothy if that nestling does non possess a ache structure.The case run away to keep on immature and mean maternity (NCPTP) reports that 3 out of any 10 clawren under the age of 20 redress off heavy(predicate) at to the impressi 1st degree once, and 67% of those new-fang collect families argon in poverty, of which 52% are on public assistance (the interior(a), n. d). macrocosm a pueriled eng balanceer comes with a plethora of answer for the undivided and for beau monde. juvenile m diverses leave out a direct of adulthood that comes with age and fixs, they whitethorn leaven to shroud the motherliness, non blast accusation of themselves and come to with unsound way that could guess the wellness of the baby and the develop.Their deficiency of adulthood whitethorn led them to reckon that e realthing bequeath be alright, that they contribute be a swell mformer(a), that their clotheshorse forget in conclusion translate the uninfected and flavor up to the plate. besides this is seldom the case, much(prenominal) than(prenominal) oftentimes than non the child is born(p) of low birth weight, previous(p) or with other health conditions. Those children testament in all probability touch ab social occasion, coiffe peaked(predicate) in direct and use the wellbeing arrangement to eco nomic aid withstand themselves it apprize survive a barbaric and in public pricy wheel incisively about that is very problematical to break.A juvenile mother from a overturn single out depleted family whitethorn arrest a all told different figure than that of an hurrying kinsfolk family. She whitethorn baffle woeful nutrition, neglectfulness and herself-importance be the bequeath of a teenage mother. A heart-style of this temperament whitethorn overly lead to self assess issues, medicate use and other abominable behaviors. It is non special for unripened women in this scenario to be a member of a family on eudaimonia, and it may in reality see form to them to drive pregnant earlyish and to go on upbeat.What we bring in our lives operate conventionalism for the midget family near us and sometimes it is very heavy to travel outdoor(a) that circle, oddly if on that point is plague or a pecuniary pass water exception dimension th em there. She has no life experience or a neat intellectual of the responsibilities winding in face lifting a child. She is just by-line in the foot gaits of those around her. This neglect of maturity, didactics and imaginativeness limits how she views the touch on on society.She is so caught up in her humans with restrain photograph exterior her environment that the invalidating impact on society may non redden stupefy her mind. The be of the programs she uses same welfare postulate to be give by psyche, and that someone is the measure payer. In 2010 463,000 children were in treasure commission and it is more apt(predicate) that the teenagers in cling to reverence leave behind end up as teenage parents those children are in any case more in all probability to end up in foster oversee themselves (teen motherhood, 2010).In 2004 the taxpayers needed to pay 2. 3 one thousand million dollars to upside these be (teen gestation period, 2010). If yo u take this one step hike up and disembodied spirit by the nitty-gritty be and go experience to the single that pays their taxes to embolden these programs, you may see more and more family get by to lot the bill. It would good all baffling if more causa was located on education and programs to attend run across teenage motherhood, and perchance we should all take a look at how internal our society has become.References teenager pregnancy and child welfare (2010, August). Retrieved on April 30, 2011 from, http//www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/child_welfare.pdf The national information to bar teen and unknowing pregnancy (n.d). Retrieved on April 29, 2011 from, http//www.thenationalcampaign.org/national-data/default.aspx

Hotel Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Hotel Management - Coursework ExampleThe hotels plush and warm interiors decorated with traditional works of art, hand picked local artifacts and tasteful furnishings totally coupled with the excellent service from staff who cargons. The hotel is a combination of luxury and comfort with ultra modern facilities. Hotel City Park offers elegantly appointed board & suites that have been equipped with all types of modern facilities as upto the International standards of hotels. Room offers a spectacular view of lush green gardens. Rooms are abruptly designed with vibrant colors and furniture. Here guest can enjoy a comfortable stay. These rooms are considered to be lavishly appointed and are of comparatively larger size.Beauty Parlour, Travel Desk, Barber shop, Courier Service, Front Desk, Free Newspaper, Parking, Bar, Banquet, Restaurant, Safe Deposit Box, Conference Facilities, Business Centre, Swimming Pool, Health Club. situate on Call, Laundry, Valet, Travel Desk Service, Dry Cle aning, Post, Baby Sitting, Currency Exchange, Hair Dryer, Newsstand, Safety Deposit Box, Secretarial Services, Wake up service, Car Rental, Concierge, Chemist, Conference Halls.For example In some countries every respective(prenominal) requires work permit for working in any organization or sector. This work permit is like a freedom which tells that the person is free to work in that country. This license includes date of issue, date of expiry, issued head office, issuing officers name etc.The license signifies that the information provided by the individual is true and correct and his past records dont show any criminal background.Licensing mannequin of our Hotel City ParkOur hotel is doing well due to its well explained terms and policies which are followed by every individual who is dealing with the hotel. Our hotel holds proper Trade License issued by the Corporation/Municipality for running it along with an Excise License where alcoholic beverages are served. Our licensing f ramework is not so rigid and not so flexible. Off course there are certain specifications which cant be changed like environment and ambience of our hotel. at the same time we are flexible in dealing with the customers as they are the need and urge of our hotel.The Liquor and Gambling Commissioner is responsible for administering the Liquor Licensing Act. The purpose of this Act is to ordain and control the sale, supply and consumption of hard drink for the benefit of related industries and the SA public. Particular emphasis is placed on encouraging responsible attitudes towards the promotion and advertising of liquor and

Social Capital Creation and Sustainable Relationship among Stakeholder Dissertation

Social Capital Creation and Sustainable Relationship among Stakeholder in Construction Business in Thailand - Dissertation ExampleThe other objective of this study is connect to the creation of sustainable descents in between the stakeholders of the organisations operating its business in the construction industrial sector of Thailand. Hence, the previous works related to the importance of such kind of stakeholder relationships in organisations privy prove to be very much helpful in conducting the present research study. In addition to this, various kinds of business relationships that can be found in an organisation with special reference to cultural relationship traits found in Southeast Asian nations and Thailand will also be discussed here. This research study will try to build a model related to genial capital possessed by companies operating in the construction industry of Thailand which can prove to be advantageous for the related companies in Thailand. Therefore, this be lles-lettres recap will give insights to some of the existent theories and models related to social capital. All these facts will help to attain the research objectives of this study utilizing the literature review as discussed in this section. 2.2 The Importance of Social Capital Many empirical studies have been conducted regarding the importance of social capital and have been mentioned in the existing literature by different authors. A wide range of socio-economic phenomenon related to the importance of social capital can be found in many of the existing literature presented by various authors (Durlauf, 2002, pp. 1-31 Krishna, 2001, pp 71-93). Research on social capital has resulted in various theoretical debates and different empirical investigations being conducted. This again has resulted in giving a stimulus towards reconsidering facts related to human relations, organisational forms for developmental performance and life quality, networks, etc. The importance of theory rel ated to social capital is manifest because of the application of the concept of social capital in various fields and its widespread interest amongst different organisations and its stakeholders. The existing studies and literature gives way to ample evidences regarding the political, social and economic implications of social capital. However, according to Halpern et al. (2002), there are ambiguities or misspecifications related to the models or equations that have been utilized to measure the impacts of social capital. Thus, the social and economic outcomes that cabbage based on the empirical evidence related to the importance and significance of social capital need to be dealt with caution. Without having a rigorous method conjecture for the purpose of measuring the importance of social culture, it is not clear as to how those benefits associated with social capital can be tested or ascertained (Halpern, 2001, pp. 236-251). However, it can be found as a surprising fact that the

Organizational culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational burnish - Research Paper ExampleGenerally, it is unlikely for two organizations to have the same culture as it depends on the management, the environment, type of work and other factors which vary from organization to organization. It is important for the employees to adjust in the organizational culture in order to whoop it up their work and stay formed with each other (Schabracq, 2009).There are several theories and to represent them, several models have been proposed to explain the organization culture. One of the models was presented by Charles Handy and was called the Charles Handy model. Charles Handy was an Irish who was born in 1932. He was a philosopher and had specialized in organizational behavior and management. He has been known as one of the most influential management thinkers living because of his contribution towards his professional grounds. He has also written galore(postnominal) articles specialized in his field for many universities including Ha rvard. He presented his model in which he emphasized on four types of organizational cultures (Armstrong, Stephens, 2005).Power Culture explains that in some organizations the power is given in the hands of few people only who are authorized to take the decisions. This power is concentrated to small groups of people or the centralized figure which controls from the nerve centre like a web. These groups of people enjoy special benefits at the workplace and they are the most important people as they are the decision makers. Their employment is to then delegate the responsibilities to the employees junior to them. In this type of culture, the junior employees are meant to follow the instructions strictly and they do not even have the liberty to express their ideas and views. The most likely reason for unrest in this type of culture is managers becoming partial to one employee or the other (Handy, 2007).Role

Dystopian text - 1984 and v for vendetta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dystopian text - 1984 and v for vendetta - Essay ExampleThe two were written at contrary times, the novel in 1984 and the movie occurs after 2010 though it was released in 2005 (Overeem 23). The perspectives of the two are the rights of England citizens which have been reduced and their activities watched very closely by a presidential term which is very powerful. There are various similarities and differences between the two and the first similarity lies in the theme of regimen and bureaucracy. The two depicts a powerful government that is almost totalitarian where one individual is the leader. In the novel, the individual is known as big brother (Beshore and Keller 45). His picture is quite visible on posters all(a) over London. Orwell indicates that the posters are colored and too large for the overall indoor display.In the film, v for vendetta, Chancellor Adam sutler is the leader who is hungry for power. He is depicted as a religious fanatic and uses his position to control t he people in England. The similarity in the two is that the two governments are correspond by a single powerful leader who all the others report to. However, in 1984, there is the uncertainty in the existence of the leader big brother. fit in to the author, the issue of whether he is alive, dead or even if he ever existed is uncertain since no one knows his whereabouts. This is different in the film since chancellor victualler is shown in various episodes of the film. He is therefore known and people are certain about his living throughout the course of the events.To begin with people, let us look at the government and bureaucracy as presented by Orwell in 1984 (Peters 34). There is question as to whether he is able to provide a exhaustively vision on to the issue of government and bureaucracy or whether his political perspectives are limited. He equated the phenomenon of bureaucracy with the totalitarian states that had overt repressions in the political arena. gibe to him, a centralized government represented more power for the

Sustainable Drainage Systems and Piles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Drainage Systems and Piles - Essay ExampleFirstly it would be Infilt symmetryn impingees and the second will be cargo area Basins. Infiltration trenches This is a system in which a trench is made and filled with artificial layers of granular material/aggregates which are clean and dry and and so this is used in combination with geotextile. These granular materials have voids which are used to trap irrigate and retain it for some time. Where as geotextile material prevents from clogging and durability. The granular material should be 50 mm clear stones. Then the materials are layered in the manner shown below. There are some conditions for its construction. Almost of the trench is underground and hence its maintenance will be expensive. The trenches are constructed at least 1.5m above the maximum groundwater level and it should be at least 5 m away from the foundations or buildings lines. It is used in areas where the silt/clay content is not more than 40 %.It is made in areas with type A and Type B states. It should not be constructed near septic tanks or water supply line and the areas near it should have good house keeping, if it is not done it will result into choking of the voids that retains waters. Then to improve the life and decrease the maintenance of the trenches it should be provided with Leaf screens, Vegetated filter strips or grass swales and same devices such as grit separators, goss separator etc. Then these trenches are designed with an impervious drainage area to treatment facility area ratio of between 51 and 201. Therefore its is clear that the land take is very less(prenominal) and this option will be suitable where areas is less such as commercial areas. Where as the maintenance of the trenches are done by cleaning out leaves, debris and accumulated sediment caught in pretreatment devices, inlets and outlets p.a. or as needed. If this is not done on regular basis then the trenches will choke and then a complete overhaul unavoidably to be done which is costly. Normally the trenches material is replaced in 5 years. Although the cost of construction is low but the maintenance cost is high and needs to be repeated. Then in this type of system when the water passes through the layers of the trenches the solid particles are filtered and the geotextile improves the process. Eventually the quality of the water is improved but the water does not provide microbiological purification. Concluding the merit of the system are that they require less space, the improve water quality, have less construction cost, reduce the runoff during wet season and reduce the erosion that might occur by heavy rainfall and its runoff. Where as the demerits are that the maintenance of the system is high and repetitive, the system doesnot advance biologically. It cannot be made in areas where underground services are present. These systems are not used in high slope areas. It is ineffective in areas where soil is contaminated a nd polluted. It looks the worst when the system is choked as the water stays and do not drain. Detention Basins As the name indicates this system impound water in an excavated area or basin. Primarily this is used in areas where there is heavy rainfall and frequent flooding. These basins are used in reducing level storm water discharges, controlling floods and preventing downstream channel scouring. There are two type of detention basins dry detention basin (storage is for specified curtly time) and the other is extended detention basin (used for retention for

BA Social work - Values and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BA Social work - Values and ethics - Essay ExampleThe workings conditions and cases handled are usually very different for each case of social work. Ethical dilemma arises when the right answer to any course of fareion is non obvious i.e. it can be in child services to differentiate between vulnerable and exploited child. There are also some situations where the individual(a) need of a child is overlooked over the other issues. The same was the case of Victoria Climbie, where her needs were overlooked over the housing requirement of her auntie and murderer. There may be values which contradict with each other.This system is based upon the consequences of any particular activity. In this the net benefit resulting from any act or policy is calculated. It is based on the happiness or unhappiness a person gets from the consequences of any particular policy which is rather a touchy task. It depends upon individuals ability to think of consequences. It leads to lots of uncertainty i n the complex situations. This theory can be utilised in the simpler issues. It can be understood by the example of Victoria Climbie case inquiry. Anonymous call was made to inform Brent Social Services for the self-aggrandizing condition of the child. If Brent Services had responded in time and handled the case properly with the view of the worst consequences (which happened later) may be Victoria Climbie would have saved.This theory was developed as a criticism of consequentialist theory. Consequentialist theory emphasis more on the end means that are consequences. This theory states that means which are leading to those consequences are equally important. The means have got honorable importance. 18th Century Immanuel Kant had explained the theory, placing the emphasis on the duties and rules. He explained with simple examples like ignoring rules like do not lie, keep promises and others will have bad consequences. This theory can also be

Introduction to Shipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to Shipping - Essay ExampleThis paper aims at explaining the rule movement and factors to be considered with the building of a commercial ship and describing the scope and scale of the international shipping industry.A ship instauration cover refers to a process in which the ship owner description and requirements are set into specifications, drawing, and technical information needed for the actual building of the ship. This process is always led by a naval architect but highly contributed to by designers, engineers and many other relevant professionals. The ship designing process is subdivided into various phases. During each phase, the design is improved by increasing the level of details. The owners specification about the ship to be designed must contain detailed about fuel endurance, load capacity in terms of volume and weight, and speed (Okumoto 2009, p. 64). The building and operation cost are determined by the owner.The ship design process principally consi sts of four stages. These stages are identification of needs definition of requirements selection of the design criteria and development of solution framework. The process can in addition be phased into three phases that is to say initial design, basic design, and the detailed design. This nature of the process can be referred to as a design spiral methodology and strategy. Given that the design requirements is not always similar for all ship owners, it is always important to make use of the relevant tools and experience in incorporating different and conflicting expectations and requirements in design missions (Barrass 2004, p. 101).At the initial design stage, the design team has the task of determining the parameters that are supposed to be the basis for the optimal ship dimensions. The team should also hull form development and also propulsion auxiliary systems and system selection in accordance to the requirements of the owner. This stage of design is mainly characterized by synopsis

Women and men are encouraged to behave according to specific gender Essay

Women and men are encouraged to be draw according to specific gender patterns, critically discuss this assertion by reporting on reason from your store uped sou - Essay ExampleTypically, men hold positions of power even in democracies. Only 14 percent of the countries have achieved 30 percent image of women in the parliament, as set out in the Beijing Declaration on Women in 1995. Women have slight access to and control of economic powers, rewarded for less remuneration than men for the same work, treated differently in spheric trade. Women receive less education than men have to walk long distances to collect drinking water in poorer countries, thereby falling vulnerable to violence sexual and reproductive health problems result in illness and disability to women more than number of women being victims of HIV/AIDS because of restrictions on women being able to practice safe sex and having access to HIV testing and care function women become victims of gender-based violence an d cultural taboos. On the whole, the mainstreaming of gender has generally failed because the approach towards integrating women in the society does not challenge existing power equations. Women have move to be offered stereotyped jobs, not receiving equal training and education and insufficient resources for womens mainstreaming (Oxfam).With globalization, the traditional economic relationships, including gender relationships, are crumbling down. The classical patriarchy, dependent on the anthropoid property ownership and family headship notion, had given revoke to the urban fordist gender regime - male bread earner/ female house maker - in the western sandwich world in the 1950s and 1960s, also duplicated in some parts of the developing world. Economic development and increased competition has meant that the male salary cyberspace are not sufficient for the increasing consumption patterns. Brenner (2003) notes that incorporation of women in the workforce and their increased ac cess to education and literacy has brought feminism in the forefront of unionized politics (cited in Dhawan, p2). Women activists are not increasingly becoming more vocal in national politics but also on global issues. At the same time, marginalized women are becoming even more vulnerable to global capital reorganization. Worldwide, women are facing the brunt of longer working hours, impoverishment, economic risk and forced migration and urbanization. Working class women find themselves in the crossroad of development and reactionary policy and continue to remain, if not become increasingly so, victims of fundamentalism, economic insecurity and a complex web of power relations (Kaplan, 1999, cited in Dhawan, p3). Pressures of structural adjustments imposed on many Third World countries have given rise to fundamentalism, which stem from the traditional patriarchal powers and victimize women even more. The emerging capitalist structures of many of these societies have eroded the pro tection of the traditional patriarchy that women used to have earlier. Women in the Third World are at the crosshead of two powerful forces one, the ultranationalistic agenda that is inherently masculine in which women are evaluate to follow traditional roles while the men are free to participate in the political arena, and two, global capital, which forces women to participate in the economic field, overpowering the nationalist agenda. While in the west, women of color feel that the feminist agenda is essentially white-oriented, in the Third World, the political interests of working class women are marginalized. Over and above this, women from the

Contracted Dining Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contracted Dining - Research Paper ExampleThey would then be given, in many cases, a usual or average plan (Occidental College). In-house eating offers the best solution for college students to meet there food and meal needs . raillery Today, there argon companies that have become specialized in contracting foodservices to schools and educational institutions. These include Aramark Corporation establish in Philadelphia, Sodexo, Inc. based in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and U.S. Foodservice, Inc. based in Rosemont, IL. (Chartwells). The one which services my school (Wentworth xxxx), is Chartwells Educational Dining Services, which operates out of Rye Brook, fresh York (Chartwells). Off campus dining can normally be expensive, provided it depends on the location of the school. For example Cornell University speaks of a place called Collegetown that has a lot of restaurants offering all kinds of food from organic to ethnic (Cornell). And then in Ithaca, New York, there are places where on e can get fast foods or go to sit-down restaurants. Off campus eating has the advantage of offering more options to students. usually one may find special discounts and coupons and promotions. Plus there is the ability offered to be able to find out about an area, to mix the residents and to encounter and make out other atmospheres. But then there are certain disadvantages to off-campus eating. These disadvantages have to do with non knowing the area well. Becoming victim to sharpies or make up just to crime, or course, can be a problem. Then there is the transportation option, the time involved. Certainly, every student should experience off-campus eating. But one should not base their entire meal plan on it. Most schools have meal plans. They vary in price and most schools seem to offer selection plans. One school has a program which recognizes three plans of which two average in comparison to other plans and one costs more. Plans have to be gauged agree to what the student generally spends, the amount of financial aid, and of course, the costs of the meals including service. The plans can cover a wide-eyed 30 hebdomads or arranged over two semesters that are 15 weeks each. The plan at MIT has three levels. One costing $3,800/year includes 7 dinners and breakfasts, or 14 meals per week. The $3,400/year includes only 6 dinners and 6 breakfasts per week for a total of 12 meals per week. It is not open to freshmen. Notice that none of these plans include lunch. The MIT report notes that students all spend in variable amounts for food, and some have for themselves. The figure for median spending over 30 weeks was $2,100. But this median figure differs widely in its breakdown, going from $2,422 to $3,000. Yet the school itself uses median figures representing the seventy-fifth percentile of all student spending. This figure averages from $3,000 to $3,600 application program all undergraduates to the level of students who dine in the house. The officials then base their plan on $2,900 to $3,800. (All figures from MIT report covering 2010-2011 period). The MIT lists the expenses of over plans. These are mostly from Ivy League schools and include the following figures. Yale University averages $6,000 for a full plan. Boston colleges full residential plan is $4,632 and Boston University is $4,632 for its full residential plan. Harvard University charges $4,606 for its full plan. There are other variables. For example, Cal Techs figure of $4,956 is buttressed by an

Arbitration and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Arbitration and Law - Essay ExampleThe problem, however, is that even when arbitration takes place, the disputing subroutineies go forth continue to engage the problem through additional courts in order to come to the best possible resolution for their interests. The following essay discusses the issues of arbitration, first by engaging the question of disputes in arbitration and the consequences to the courts, then through the exploration of a fictitious character study, and then finally through undergoing an investigation of the events within the case study. Privity of Contract Privity, in legal terms, refers to a relationship that develops between parties in regard to the property, promises or warranties of a squash. The privity of contract concept is to ensure that only parties that ar involved in a contract are actually part of the entirety of the cultivate and included in all subsequent actions. Disputes concerning the privity of contract end from engaging the contract f or who is able to participate in the process. The limitation of privity prevents a great many lawsuits by those who believe they have been affected by the actions of a party, but who is not directly a part of the contract and are not able to create liability claims because they are not a part of the contract.1 Horizontal and Vertical Privity Horizontal privity occurs when a ternion party is the recipient of an item. When an item or benefit in question is intended for a third party, then horizontal privity is in place. Vertical privity occurs when an independent contract is in place with one of the parties of a contract between two parties. If A has a contract with B and B has a contract with C, vertical privity is in place between A and C. The consumer rarely has any rights in terms of privity. The laws in regard to consumers was revised in the Contract Act of 1999 in which the Rights of Third Parties were addressed so that ...a third party may not enforce a contractual provision, either if the contract contains an express term to that effect, of if it purports to confer a benefit upon him.2 The problem with consumer relationships to the process is that there is no implied position within the contract for the consumer. Arbitration Arbitration is the process by which two parties enter into an agreement to choose privately defined proceedings in which to settle their differences. The arbitration process is internationally recognized as a resource through which disputes between internationally represented businesses can find resolutions without clogging court systems and without disputes about legal power in regard to nation.3 Disputes are defined by any disagreement that occurs during the process of the contract relationship. Disputes are more often handled by arbitration that has been defined within a contract. According to Harris, Planterose, and Tecks, This will distinguish the procedure, the application of any statute and the finality of the intended proce ss from other options, such as a decision by any expert of adjudication

Julius Caesar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Julius Caesar - Essay ExampleMoreover political corruption was prevailed to the full extend, and the entire Mediterranean suffered from the incompetent administration of Rome.Just about since 133 B.C. in Rome itself had began continuous period of disorders. Politics, generals and demagogues fought for the power. Partisan armies (such as army of Marius in 87 B.C. and the army of Sulla in 82 B.C.) passed Rome marching. Although the Senates incapacity to govern was clear to everybody, the majority of Roman citizens wanted to restore the republic government. Julius Caesar was, probably, the first political leader, who clearly understood, that this government was no longer worth of being preserved.Caesar came from the family of patricians, which itself had been originated from Julus - the son of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan hero, who had been born by the goddess named Aphrodite (Venus). Having such renowned ancestors, it was rather simple to Caesar to get a laid-back post in the Roman r epublic. However, following the family tradition he became a priest of Jupiter, the supreme God of Rome. Strict rules forbade him to leave the city more than for 2 nights, to divorce with the wife, and to take weapon in his hands. But Juliuss fate predetermined the other.Roman politics was divided between two factions, the optimates, who favored aristocratic rule, and the populares, who preferable to appeal directly to the electorate. He became one of the leaders of the populares company, but his patrician origin prevented him from holding the position of tribune, which Caesar had so much wished for. The majority of Caesars family belonged to the senatorial party of optimates, which represented the interests of old aristocracy. However, Caesar from the very beginning of his political career joined to populares. The reason for this was his kinship to Gaius Marius, a great soldier, whose outstanding career had become an exemplar for young Julius. Caesar mother Aurelia Cotta occurre d from the notable patrician family, and was a real number example of Roman matron, whose strictness and exactingness helped to bring her son up as a real soldier and statesman. They lived in a modest house in the Subura, a lower class neighborhood of Rome2, where Marcus Antonius Gnipho, an orator and grammarian, who originally came from Gaul, was employed as Caesars tutor.He got a good education and went in for politics in his youth. In 68 B.C. Caesar became the quaestor. His main responsibility was to control the state exchequer and finances. From now it gave him the right to be named the Senator. On being appointed to the position of Aedile, whose responsibility was

Brown vs. Board of Education Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brown vs. Board of Education - Personal Statement modellingIt was the case of Oliver Brown that brought an end to many of the hardships that the depresseds had faced over time. Oliver Browns daughter had to travel a long way to reach her black school although a school was located nearby and this made Brown file a suit against the Board of Education for the rights. The case was a breakthrough in the American history as the blacks were allowed to study with the whites and the process of integration started. This case was very important in the history of blacks as it ended a long feud between the two races. In my belief this case helped the blacks to reach a position in the history of United States which they would have neer been able to. Rosa Parks Civil Rights Movement Rosa was an educated lady who took part actively in the courtly rights movement. She calculateed the role of ignition in the civil rights movement and was one of the first blacks to take a stand against the gover nment. Rosa worked as a seamstress in Montgomery blank Department Store. Buses in the mid twentieth century had some restrictions for the blacks. ... Three of the black passengers moved except for Rosa Parks who was later arrested and fined for her misconduct. It was this incident which lastly broke out the black community and they launched a boycott against the Montgomery Bus Services. The boycott lasted for 381 days and it was quite successful as the segregation laws were lifted. In my opinion Rosa Parks played a pivotal role in reviving the integrity of the blacks in the region. She united the blacks and ignited a civil rights movement against the government. In my belief it was her because of whom the civil rights movement began for reviving the rights of the blacks. Twelve Angry Men Twelve Angry Men was a play direct by Reginald Rose which later on became a movie. The play revolves around a young man who is about to be charged for the murder of his father. In United States a j ury consists of many judges who are to decide whether a person is criminal or non. If a unanimous vote for guilty comes up for the person then he is accused otherwise the trial is known as mistrial. In this case the sentence for be guilty would guide in a death penalty. The jury of twelve members then sit in a room to decide whether the kid is guilty or not and most of them come to the conclusion that the person is guilty because all evidence points at it. Only one of the members decides to vote against it and a mistrial occurs. In my opinion the play points out to the way a judgment occurs in the trial. The personal feelings of the jury may come in the way when deciding about the person who is being tried. The play points out the irregularities in the system of justice and how it may lead to wrong convictions at the wrong

Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Reporting - Essay ExampleTable of limit Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements 4 AASB 107 Statement of Cash fly the coops 7 AASB 116 Property Plant & Equipment 8 AASB 138 Intangible Assets 9 AASB 136 Impairment of Assets 10 AASB 137 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets 10 AASB 112 Income Taxes 10 AASB 110 Events after the Reporting date 11 Overall military rank and objectives of reporting 12 Introduction A fair and comprehensive disclosure of information implys that the entity adheres to certain be norms. The financial statements of a company must be prepared in conformance with the relevant accounting standards. There are accounting standards which prescribe the accounting treatment of intangible assets, contingent assets, contingent liabilities, show of statements etc. The adoption of these accounting standards in the case of Early Learning Services Limited has been reviewed as to whether the company has prepared its financial reports as per the accounting norms. AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements The accounting standards to be applied in Australia with effect from January 1, 2005 include International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). International Accounting Standards carte du jour (IASB) issues IFRSs. For reporting periods commencing on or after January 1, 2009 IASB made certain amendments to the IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. In line with this AASB also made certain amendments to AASB 1 Presentation of Financial Statements for enabling IFRS compliance of the reporting entities in Australia. The major changes to this standard as compared to AASB 101 issued in the year 2006 are discussed as under- demonstrate the reporting comprehensive- The revised standard brings in a notion of completeness in financial reporting. Previously this standard used the heads balance sheet and cash flow statement to refer to the two statements. On the other hand the rev ised standard uses statement of financial position and statement of cash flows to describe the supra statements. As per the new rules an entity has to present comparative information with respect to the previous year. Disclosure relating to changes owners equity- Previously AASB 101 required items relating to expenses and income which are not shown as clear or loss to be reported in statement of changes in equity. The previous standard also required preparation of statement of recognised income and expense comprising of profit or loss in the statement of changes in equity, any affects of accounting policy changes and any correction related error. The new amendments require owner changes in equity to be reported separately from non-owner changes in equity. The detail relating to comprehensive income is not permitted to be presented in the statement of changes in equity. The main aim of this is to integrate items with similar characteristics and separate items with varying characteri stics to disseminate useful information. Changes relating to Other comprehensive income- As per the revised standard an entity has to make disclosure of income tax relating to each comprehensive income component. This was not required as per previous AASB 101 version. Dividend presentation- As per old AASB 101 the amount of

Interviewing Excercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interviewing Excercises - Essay ExampleThe report further points to mounting debts whose increase rate has exceeded concurrent growth rates in revenue, total financial resources and enrolment, and where the debt per student exceeded financial resources per student. The report further predict continued financial difficulties for the public colleges but expects the public universities to arouse tuition and fees so as to bridge the revenue gaps occasioned by cuts in state support, weakened endowments and lavishlyer expenses generated by growing enrolment. However, the reports indicate that the public colleges let remained liquid and able to meet their current liability on short notice, but the private universities had a stronger liquidity than similarly rated public universities. Exercise 3. 1. bloody shame said to Tom, put the book down and pay for my coffee. 2. Tom replied, Absolutely no. Pay for yourself. 3. The computer has revolutionized education, stated John Thompson. 4. I sp illed coffee each over my keyboard, Taylor cried. 5. ... Mr. Allen, who is tall and muscular, dropped out of high instill to join the military at the age of 18 years. After joining military, he deployed to Okinawa for two week training and thereafter deployed to Vietnam at the height of the war. He admits having killed many Vietnamese soldiers and watching others die, in the 13 months that he spent in the Vietnamese jungle. He is now a vocal proponent of stop in the world and a prominent critic of waging war. His advice to the students is to understand the importance of creating a world of peace and nonviolence. He laments the militarys use of an aggressive approach, to recruit young men and women. Nowadays we have allowed the military to go into our junior high schools and or high schools, and they have programs, ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) programs for the young high school and junior high school students, He says, When I was a child that did not happen you had to g o to the recruiters office. He categorically stated that such aggressive recruiting do not offer the young high school kids a chance to look at what their options in life are. Military presence in our schools has convinced many children that the military is a good social occasion. He asserts that military training changes the mind of the young recruits. Marine Corps, he says, trained to kill. The first thing that the trainers do is to remove your civilian life from you by getting rid of ones civilian way of thinking. In the military theres no thinking. You are trained to follow orders. You do not ask any questions. he says. He opines that it is easier to do this to young high school kids who have no idea of what they want to do with

Netflix case study Essay Example for Free

Netflix case study EssayNetflix offers online video streaming and DVD rental services for a flat bung to all subscribers. After Reed battle of Hastings, the CEO of Netflix had announced the companys new strategy of separating its online service and DVD rental services into two accounts for its subscribers, the companys parenthood fell to $63 per share from $300 per share and lost 805,000 subscribers in three month. Although facing so umteen challenges, Reed Hastings choose to wrap up his new strategies, but with a sincerely apologize for the change and a detailed explanation of why they made this decision and whats in it for catamenia subscribers. Stock set of Netflix close on yesterday was 312.40.Problems and challenges Although it seems that Netflix has recovered from the separation strategy, but there still are some problems and challenges are waiting for the company. first of all of all, Netflix online streaming branch is facing fierce competition from companies wish well Amazon instant video, YouTube, iTunes store, and Hulu. Second, On-demand TV offering are now hot area, many big- patch up TV operator such as Verizon and Comcast Corp are trying to bring on-demand TV to cable users which will offer fresher content than online streaming companies like Netflix. Third of all, The DVD rental branch called Qwikster are now competing with companies like Amazon and Redbox DVD rental. From what we can see in the future, DVD service whitethorn finally run out of business and how to minimize the damage to Netflix is a big problem waiting for a solution.SWOTStrengthNetflix is offering a flat fee policy, which is cheaper than Amazon and iTunes users and is easier to retain current users. A very distinctive strength Netflix have is that Netflix is also a producer. In this years Emmy Awards, Netflix Incs groundbreaking political thriller House of Cardstook home an award for directing. As its name shows in Emmy, Netflix may win not only an award, but many po tential users. Many people may position Netflix as a company provides high quality shows than some other video distributors.WeaknessAlthough the stock price has gone up this year and everyone now thinks Reed Hastings is the one sees the future, the remaining problem is how to survive with a $7.99 monthly flat fee for subscribers and at the same time spending more than $5 billion for the next five years to purchase TV shows and Movie License. Customers always wants more and pay less. Huge amount of spending force Netflix to attract new users in a rapid speed, but attract new users itself will be some other big spending. Although the original drama house of cards generated a big buzz for Netflix, but the cost is considerable.OpportunitiesNew technologies bring opportunities to online streaming video companies. Netflix has vigorous app for both Android and ios system and it works well. People want to access to on-demand videos more convenient by using mobile phone and tablets. The t rend of globalisation gives Netflix the opportunity to grow itself. The fourth quarter of 2012, Netflix gained 3 million new global subscribers.ThreatCompetition from Amazon, iTunes, Hulu, Google TV, and cable networks may pose threat to the company. brad BEALE, Director of digital video content acquisition of Amazon is known for its ability of picking up successful shows and get the license earlier than other companies. Hulu also spend a lot on bringing new contents in. Although Netflix is cheaper, Amazon offers free instant vedio to prime membership and two-day free transport for its customers. Also, Amazon, Apple and Google now all offer their own devices for video streaming, such as Apple TV, Kindle Fire. QuestionsQ.1. A strong consumer backlash emerged in response to major changes in Netflixs business model. What are some of the arguments in favor of Hasting decision to split the company? What decisions and options are available to Hastings? Were they total decisions? 2- 3 paragraphs Many believe DVD rental business is fading because of new technologies. People no longer want to wait for the DVD to arrive. quite they want on-demand video services. Slip the company bring price lower for stream only customers and it is fair for them to pay for cheaper price.Put in account reading is easier and benefit is longer. Hastings can choose to change the company back to the old model by listening to customers and close the DVD service a couple years later when the DVD rental industry lost all the business. I think its good decisions because the financial information shows that Reed Hastings made the good decision and wins the game. The revenue grow almost half and subscribers grow even more this year. Works CitedLaporte, N. (2013, July 1). A TALE OF TWO NETFLIX. fast Comapny , 177, pp. 31-32. Mint. (2013, September 23). Breaking Bad, Modern Family win top Emmy Awards. (H. M. Ltd., Producer) Retrieved Septemner 29, 2013, from Mint http//search.proquest.com.rli b.pace.edu/docview/1434860801?accountid=13044 Peterson, T. (2013, September 23). 2013 MEDIA MAVENS BRAD BEALE. Advertising Age , 84 (33), p. 1. Ramachadran, S. (2013, September 20). Cable Fights to Feed thrust TV Viewers Comcast, Verizon FiOS Vie With Netflix, Amazon for Rights to Show Complete Series. (Dow Jones Company Inc) Retrieved September 30, 2013, from Wall Street Journal http//search.proquest.com.rlib.pace.edu/docview/1434160601?accountid=13044View as multi-pages

The Maintenance of Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

The Maintenance of Stereo oddballs EssayAlthough the nature of stereotypes ar not essentially disconfirming it has been found that stereotypes of out-group members are more possible to be negative than those of in-group members (Castelli et al. 2005 Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman Tyler, 1990). Despite this fact, engaging in stereotyping still occurs. In order to adequately understand wherefore we continue to use stereotypes, when we know of the negativity that can be attached to them, several areas need to be considered. Firstly, in the context of this essay stereotypes need to be defined. Lippman (1922) can be credited for having coined the term as being a set of socially shared representations and beliefs about the characteristics, features and behaviours of members of a group (Lyons Kashima, 2001). The Social identity operator operator Theory also seeks to define stereotypes (Brown, 2000). Secondly, there are various mechanisms which occur that support the ongoing use and sustentation of stereotypes. In relation to this is priming, which has been found to be an active influence (Rudman Borgida, 1995 Lepore Brown, 1997 Blair Banaji, 1996).More recent research illustrates that stereotyping emerges as a way of simplifying the demands on an individual, a type of cognitive shortcut (Macrae et al. , 1994 Clark Kashima, 2007). Furthermore, stereotypes can be seen as a function of social connectivity and are thus maintained through communication (Lyons Kashima, 2006 Lyons and Kashima, 2003 Karasawa, Asai Tanabe, 2007). This essay will attempt to look at the just about recent research in the past two decades and investigate the various methods that have been found to support the preservation of stereotypes.One of the key points with Social individuality Theory is that in the very act of categorisation, regardless of group contact, in-group preference is produced (Brown, 2000). This then defines a differentiation from out-group members (2000). This gr oup differentiation can lead to the formation of stereotypes. Individuals seek also to perceive themselves in as optimistic light as possible, in an attempt to establish a positive distinctiveness amidst the self and other in-group members and between the in-group in comparison with the out-group.This is known as the self-esteem hypothesis (2000). From understanding how stereotypes are formed through the social identity theory, we can see how they are maintained. As found by Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler (1990), priming plays an intricate role in influencing the opinions and judgments of individuals on out-group members. A study conducted by Rudman Borgida (1995) gear up male subjects to sexist female stereotypes through a television commercial in which women were portrayed as sexual objects.It was found that the primed males were more plausibly to engender women in a sexual fashion, paying more attention to her appearance than to what she was saying. They also responded fast er to sexist words pertaining to women (babe and bimbo) than to non-sexist (mother and nurture). In this way, language plays a role in unconsciously priming people to stereotypes. It helps create an in-group versus out-group bias (1990). Impressions of people are also moulded by the names and labels which are applied to them (1990). As found by Perdue et al.(1990) we, us, ours are collective pro-nouns and are thus powerful priming influences in social cognition and perception, subtly characterising evaluative responses towards others and upholding the maintenance of stereotypes. However, in a study carried out by Blair and Banaji (1996) it was found that, although priming in stereotypes is self-actingally activated, an individual can control and even eliminate the reflexive response, such as in gender stereotyping. In fact, it is also the individuals intentions and cognitive resources that determine the extent to which an individual avoids the influence of such automatic processes .For example, in their study (1996) participants were asked to judge whether a name was male or female, when primed with a gender paired word, such as caring, sensitive, weak (for females) strong, authoritative or decisive (for males) or a unbiased word like autumn, jelly, sleep. When sufficient cognitive resources were available and the participants in plyed to process counter-stereotypic knowledge (the gender neutral words) there was a complete reversal of stereotype priming (1996). So although priming is a powerful method in maintaining stereotypes it does not fully report for the good continuation of stereotyping in the face of its negativity.As reported by Bodenhausen (1990) instead of processing incoming or new information, stereotypes rely on previously stored association and as a result information processing becomes easier. Thus the maintenance of stereotypes could be partially due to a type of cognitive laziness. Instead of flexing the grey matter muscle and using co gnitive energy to process the new information, people effectively rest on their laurels, without motivation to change them they are reinforced to continue using stereotypes (Blair Banaji, 1996).However, as Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen (1994) established, stereotyping can also occur as a way to free up resources which can then be used in other tasks. Either way stereotypes are a type of judgmental heuristic, a short cut we take when demands are blue and resources low. For example, it was found that morning people, whose distributor point function was early on in the day, fell back on stereotypic responses in the afternoon and for afternoon people, whose peak function was later on in the day, it was the reverse (1990). In this case, the amount of cognitive energy was the motivation to either reject or maintain a stereotype.In terms of the continuation of stereotypes, the motivation to reject them and process new information is thus a strong mechanism. It appears from the research (Cl ark Kashima, 2007 Lyons and Kashima, 2003 Lyons and Kashima, 2006 Lyons and Kashima, 2001) that stereotype-consistent information is more likely to be communicated than stereotype-inconsistent information, called the stereotype consistency bias. To test this, Lyons and Kashima (2001) investigated communication through a chain of people.The experiment involved one participant reading a trading floor with stereotype-consistent and inconsistent information relevant to the stereotypes of footballers then reproducing it from memory to another person. The second person then read it to a third, and the third to a forth and so on and so forth (2001). As the story was communicated down the chain it became devoid of all stereotype-inconsistent information, effectively illustrating how communication is key in maintaining stereotypes. Clark and Kashima (2007) also found that the stereotype consistency bias would occur due to the social connectivity function found in stereotypes.In other words when a stereotype was comprehend as being socially shared it was more likely to be used. Thus, the social connectivity aspect of communication is a strong mechanism in the continuation of them. Subtyping occurs when any information from an individual, that undermines a groups stereotype, is functionally placed outside of the group and thus not calculated when forming a stereotype (Park, Wolsko Judd, 2001). This leaves the boilers suit stereotype unchanged even though aspects of it have been disproved.Kunda and Oleson (2001) have also found that members of one group do not generalize the neutral information of an individual in the out-group to members of that same group. In other words, it is the negative aspects of out-group members that are projected, while the neutral as well as the positive features are ignored. Subtyping provides us with another mechanism in the maintenance of stereotypes, as we can see through this model that stereotypes are able to effectively shed aspects which are turn out to be inaccurate whilst still maintaining the overall stereotypical view.Stereotypes are a persistent and persuasive method of social categorisation. Socially we are primed towards engaging in stereotypes (Perdue, Dovidio, Gurtman, Tyler, 1990). In terms of communication we use stereotypes when we perceive that the people we are communicating with hold the same stereotypes and so stereotypes become a type of social lubrication, assisting communication (Karasawa, Asai, Tanabe, 2007). In this way, communication is also a motivation to not reject the stereotype and process new information.However, if we consciously allocated more cognitive resources we would reject the stereotype and process new information (Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen, 1994). Although the mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of stereotypes are intricate and complex, if the puzzle of these mechanisms were to be explained then, although we know that we should avoid stereotypes, we would understa nd how to. Blair, V. I. , Banaji, M. (1996). reflex(a) and controlled processors in stereotype priming. journal of temper and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163. Bodenhausen, G.V. (1990).Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1, 319-322. Brown, R. (2000) Social identity theory away problems, current achievements and future challenges. European daybook of Social Psychology, 30, 745-778 Castelli, L. , Zecchini, A. , De Amicis, L. , Sherman, S. J. (2005). The impact of implicit prejudice about the elderly on the reaction to stereotype confirmation and disconfirmation. accredited Psychology Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 24, 134-146. Clark, E.A. , Kashima, Y. (2007).Stereotypes help people connect with others in the community A situated functional analysis of the stereotype consistency bias in communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1028-1039. Karasawa, M. , Asai, N. , Tanabe, Y. (2007). Stereotypes as shared beliefs Effects of group identity on dyadic conversations. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 10, 515-532. Kunda, Z. , Oleson, K. C. (1995). Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation Constructing grounds for subtyping deviants.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 565-579. Lepore, L, Brown, R. (1997) Category and stereotype activation Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 275-287. Lipman (1922) as cited in Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2006). Maintaining stereotypes in communication Investigating memory bias and coherence-seeking storytelling. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 59-71.Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2003). How are stereotypes maintained through communication? The influence of stereotype sharedness. Journal of Per sonality and Social Psychology, 85, 989-1005. Lyons, A. , Kashima, Y. (2001). The reproduction of culture Communication processes tend to maintain cultural stereotypes. Social Cognition, 19, 372-391. Macrae, C. N. , Milne, A. B. , Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices A shine inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.Park, B., Wolsko, C. , Judd, C. M. (2001). Measurement of subtyping in stereotype change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 325 332. Perdue, C. W. , Dovidio, J. F. , Gurtman, M. B. , Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them Social catergorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 475-186. Rudman, L. A. , Borgida, E. (1995). The afterglow of construct accessibility The behavioural consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 493 517.

February Action - creative writing Essay Example for Free

February Action creative writing EssaySo, after my great holidays, back to reality. In this case, it meant moving flats. I moved show up of my friends flat and in with two Mexican siblings, girl (spoilt acting student) and boy (pain in the ass lawyer student). (The statements in this part are highly influenced by later experiences with the two people, I got along with them and their family fine. ) And when I moved I found the flat under water. So the first thing I did was fell hours soaking towels. Apart from that the two were always good to me, the guy was almost never there and the girl went home on weekends, so I had the military post to myself a lot, which was great.The flat was on the ground floor, so despite great sunny weather outside, I lived in freezing conditions. But it was well-located for work and loving life. My room consisted of a bed and a built in cupboard (already provided) and a very useful box (which I found on the alley and stayed with me until I move d out). I started working too giving English classes in the Bank of Mexico, some 20 hours a week, all 1-1 classes with mostly pleasant students. As I had already found a football team, it meant I had found friends who took me out, to the cinema and every sunday the PUMAS (one of the local teams) game was a must.I was introduced to the stadium, the anthem ( ) and the during match entertainment (beer and crisps) and the after match entertainment (more beer, discussion of game, and strange activities like having electric shocks outside of the stadium). Although not completely my description of a great time, it was good fun nevertheless. I other(a)wise spent quite lazy weekends, enjoying the company of my friend Itziar and playing football. At the end of February, the football girls had a huge party, which was great great fun, a lovely, welcoming group of girls who know how to party.There I became better friends with a lot of them, which was very nice. The party was across-the-board of good food, dancing, dancing and dancing and when it ended, we decided to go to a friends house to continue the party, but we all ended up falling asleep there. So some good weekend action. I was invited by the family of my flatmates to Cuernavaca, which is the getaway for inha piece of musicants of the big City. (btw, if New York City is the astronomic Apple, Mexico City must be something like the Big Papaya)I went out on the Saturday morning by bus and then spent quite a relaxed time in the house, which is quite a bit outside of the city center. We had a lovely meal and then they took me into the city center, where they, interestingly enough, put me on the tourist bus and I went around on that. Pity really, because the main square had some really interesting and fun dancing and singing going on, surrounded by people selling handcrafts and other oddities. So the bus ride was quite amusing, lots of historically interesting information that I forget while the guide is finishing th e sentence.Cuernavaca is a nice city and the bus also took us on a walk through some park/ravine, which was also umm nice. Then in the evening I met the family to have supper at a very good Italian restaurant before we headed back to their house, where I fell right to sleep (tired from the party, obviously). Sunday bonnie meant a long sleep, another nice meal and then the return journey back to the city. So I got a look at what Cuernavaca was like, which was enjoyable. future(a) time, Ill just go by myself to see more of the place instead of seeing it wizzing by from the Touribus.

Assess one sociological theory of religion

Assess one sociological system of devotion utilise examples captiously assess one sociological theory of theologyIn most traditional societies, religion is an heavy take a hop of sociable unneuroticness. It augments a tint of community and promotes a set of sh ared values and beliefs in round form of god. Religion also plays a central role in ethnic life race often synthesize religious symbols and rituals into the material and artistic culture of the every last(predicate)iance literature, storytelling, painting, music, and dance. It is the focus of the social club that is of interest to religious sociologists, in limited theories concerning the way religious behavior differs between and within societies. Beckford nones that theories revolving around how kindly inter subroutineion benefits or holds back societies, has made sociology a renowned area of study.In nine to establish a fundamental starting point in this thesis, the foundations of sociology and the sociol ogy of religion allow for be described in context. Furthermore, it will discuss, in some detail, the sociological theoretical mount of functionalism by sociologists a critical abridgment will aim to show the differences in their approaches to functionalism and will include supporting and critical statements from preceding and subsequent sociological theorists. Sociologists generally define religion as a codified set of chaste beliefs concerning sacred things and rules governing the behaviour of believers who form a spiritual community . Auguste Comte (1798 1857) describes sociology as the study of human societies. A syllabusical view is that, it is a friendly intuition that, examples varied methods of a posteriori investigation and critical analysis, and is often dod to develop theory about human social activity. The sociology of religion consequently takes into account the aforementioned and also includes the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, ecumenical themes and roles of religion in social club. Jones (2003) describes Comte as the first to proclaim the virtues of an empirically based social science, a quality of sociology that would have enormous implications for someone like Comte, who had been innate(p) during the aftermath of the French Revolution. Bilton et al (1996) explain this furtherPositive social knowledge could offer the means for peaceful reconstruction of social order by the elite of enlightened scientists and intellectualsSocial change need not depend upon revolutionary violence and the manipulation of the mobComte was able to make use of the in the raw science for the progression of society and the re-establishment of order as well as being able to apply the positive method to social theory . Comte and his fellow Frenchman Durkheim are said to be the forerunners in creating the discipline of sociology. Thompson (1982) describes Comte as giving the subject its name and an ambitious prospectus, whilst Durkheim gav e it, academic credibility and influence.Functionalist sociologists focus their attention on the genius of institutional relationships in society. To understand this further, one mint use Talcott Parsons functionalist ideas as an example. Parsons, who back up functionalism in the United States used the functionalist perspective to group institutions in society into four related functional sub-systems economic, political, kinship, and cultural. This theory stressed the importance of interdependence among all behaviour patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. In a similar way Durkheim In trying to explain the value of social and cultural character, illuminated them in terms of their contribution to the operation of an boilersuit system. Furthermore, Malinowski, who promoted functionalism in England, endorsed the idea that cultural practices had psychological and physiological functions, much(prenominal) as the reduction of fear and anxiety, and t he satisfaction of desires. Another Englishman Radcliffe-Brown con escapeed that, all instituted practices finally contribute to the maintenance, and t herefore the survival, of the entire social system, determining the character of inter-group relations. It is Parsons sub-system of culture that encompasses religion that we now deal to.A functional definition of religion is fundamentally based on the social structure and drawing together of people, it pays wearicular attention to how religion guides and influences the lives of people who are actively involved, and through this promotes unity and social cohesiveness. Durkheim believed and argued that, religion was a socially constructed institution, serving the needs of society by socialising members into the same norms, values and beliefs, therefore reinforcing the collective conscience upon which the stability of society rests. He looked in depth at the origins, meaning, and function of religion in society. His belief was that religion was not so much about God, but more about the desegregation of society and the sense of identity that this creates within a adjournicular society. He fully believed that persons who accepted their role within their own society develop a form of social conscience as part of that role, which Durkheim labels as the Conscience collective, which in simpler terms could be labelled as, a common understanding.Published in 1921 and penned by Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, is renowned as the best-known study on the sociology of religion. Using secondary data, Durkheim studied native totemism in primitive Australian tribes, in effect the totem is a symbol that is an integral part of the group, and during ceremonies will be the magnet that draws everyone together to form a collective whole. Therefore, totemism in this pattern is explained not in terms of what it is, what the content of its doctrines and beliefs are but what it does, that is, the function it performs for the social system. Durkheim claims that, the totem, the sacred object is a representation, by which society symbolises itself, which according to Fulcher and Scott, he believed to be the real basis of social solidarity. From his observations Durkheim developed his theory of the sacred and profane, believing that all things in society can be separated into these distinct categories, as a fundamental dichotomy the sacred and profane are seen as two separate domains or worlds. For Durkheim the sacred meant the unity of the group embodied in symbols, as in his example of totems, the profane was more about the mundane or the individual, and less concerned with the group. thus far the British anthropologist Evans-Pritchard (1937) observed that sacred things whitethorn be profane at certain times, an example he gives is the case of the Azande , who, when their shrines were not in ritual use, were used as props to rest their spears. This analysis of the sacred and the profan e was extended to all religions by Durkheim and his followers, making a focus on what is similar about what they each do, and about the integrative functions all these religions perform on their social systems. He therefore viewed religion within the context of the entire society and acknowledged its place in influencing the thinking and behaviour of the members of society. Furthermore he believed that order flowed from consensus, from the existence of shared norms and values, for him the key cause of social upheaval stems from anomie, the lack of regulating norms. Without norms constraining behaviour, explains Durkheim, humans develop unquenchable appetites, limitless desires and general feelings of irritation and dissatisfaction.Radcliffe-Brown continued Durkheims sociological perspective of society he particularly focused on the institutions of kinship and descent and suggested that, at to the lowest degree in tribal societies, they determined the character of family organizati on, politics, economy, and inter-group relations. Thus, in structural-functionalist thought, individuals are not significant in and of themselves but only in terms of their social locating their position in patterns of social relations. When regarding religious ceremonies Radcliffe-Brown contends that ceremonies, for example, in the form of communal dancing, promoted unity and harmony and functioned to enhance social solidarity and the survival of the society, in this he concur with another renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski.Malinowskis functionalism was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s, a British anthropologist, he conducted one of the first major studies of religion from an ethnocentric perspective, on the people of the Trobriand Islands. The first anthropologist to undertake a long-term piece of field research, Malinowski lived among the Trobriand islanders for four years. In studying the functions of religion in a small scale, he agreed with Durkheim that rel igion reinforced social norms, values and promoted social solidarity. Malinowski also believed that religion could relieve social anxiety and could provide a sense of credential especially when people are faced with situations in which they have no control, an example Malinowski gives is based on his observation of the Trobriand islanders fishing in a solace lagoon, no religious practice was attached, however when faced with the perils of fishing in the open ocean, religious rituals were always performed. In this way Malinowski believed humans could exert a perceived control over a world in which they held no significant, individual power. This individual, perceived control can be seen to be used by people facing a personal crisis. Often in a situation where they have no control over the outcome, people will turn to religion looking for guidance and sanctuary thereby giving them a sense of power.For Malinowski then, religion also helped to conciliate periods of life crises and eve nts such as death, uniting and birth, these rituals, known as rites of passage are marked by ceremonies, that by their very nature, are a form of social togetherness that help to create social order and contentment. These rites however can be seen to be controlled in that to a certain extent one is prepared for new life, death and marriage, these events form part the circle of life and therefore come with some prior knowledge. Ceremonies that relate to these life events could be seen as a predictable common bond that will help to reinforce social solidarity. Malinowski argues that religion minimizes the disruption, in particular, of death. He believes that the assertion of immortality gives rise to feelings of comfort for the bereaved, whilst the act of a funeral ceremony binds the survivors together. Coser (1977) explains furtherReligion can counter a sense of loss, which, as in the case of death, may be experienced on both the individual and the collective level therefore religio n as a social institution serves to give meaning to mans existential predicaments by tying the individual to that supra-individual sphere of transcendent values which is ultimately rooted in his society.So far we have seen that collective or communal gatherings are generally aimed at promoting social solidarity and gluiness, this is backed by the empirical evidence offered by Malinowski in his study of the Trobriand Islands. Hamilton (1995) offers that these gatherings can also be interpreted as involving the recognition of divisions, conflict and disharmonies inherent in the society and rituals may be seen as a means of coping with and defusing them.Concerning Malinowskis empirical evidence, a contrasting point is noted by Casanova (1995) who questions functionalism on empirical grounds, he argues that religion does not provide consensus and unity, or else he says that most conflicts an example he gives is the Iran/Iraq war in society have religious foundations. Marxist sociologis ts also pink functionalists on a theoretical level. Marx claims that religion does not create societal consensus, instead it creates conflict between those that have wealth in the ruling class and those that do not in the working class. Therefore according to Marx, the only norms and values that are conserved by religion are those of the ruling class. Functionalist theory could therefore be said to neglect the areas in which religion has been dysfunctional for society, whereby religious divisions have caused disruption and conflict rather than promoting social order. History provides many examples of this including the aforementioned Iran/Iraq dispute, Northern Ireland and Bosnia.An Extreme functionalist assessment of religion, declares William Stevens, is put forward by the Statesn sociologist Robert Bellah. Bellah fuses Parsons argument that America derives its values from Protestantism, with Durkheims belief that the worship of god is the masked worship of society. From this B ellah develops a new kind of religious concept, that of a civil religion. Therefore despite the individual belief systems of American citizens, it is the overarching faith in America that unites Americans. Wallis (198344) cited in Jones, explains that Bellah finds evidence of civil religion in Presidential inaugurations and ceremonials such as Thanksgiving Day and Memorial Day are similarly held to merge families into the civil religion, or to unify the community around its values. A further point to be made here is that generally civil religion does not hold to a belief in the supernatural. Bellah disagrees and says examples of confirmation in the supernatural can be seen or heard on a daily basis, phrases such as God Bless America and the words In God we trust on the national currency, he believes are prime examples of this. just Stevens asserts that this is not the god of any particular creed, but a god of America. For Bellah then civil religion creates a social cohesiveness by gathering people together to collectively partake in some form of ceremonial event. Therefore flag waving at a sporting event or lining the street to celebrate a royal marriage or death can bring about a united outpouring of rapture or grief that in itself generates order. A contemporary example is the untimely death of Princess Diana. Her funeral witnessed a monumental combining of people, faiths and nations in a symbolic act of grief.Functionalist sociologists tend to emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it and are criticized for being unable to account for social change because it focuses so intently on social order and symmetry in society. Functionalists have to take into account that change does happen in societies and that change is a good thing, and can represent progress. Jones says that the functionalist way around this is to use an organic analogy social progress occurs as it does with organisms as an evolutionary change. Bilton et al explain that this t akes shape in the form of structural several(predicate)iationdifferentiation is a type of splitting or separation of a previously undivided unit, the new units differ in that they are more specialised in the functions they perform. Talcott Parsons, in his approach to social change, emphasises differentiation. According to Parsons, Institutions change, if the need of the system changes. An example of a system change stems from The Industrial Revolution, which was facilitated by capitalism, was increasingly demanding technological advances to increase profit. In order to make this possible there was a need for more educated workforces. As a result the industrial economy needed a new form of family to perform these specialist functions. Thus, as one aspect of society changed the economy and production it required a comparable change in the educational system, bringing social life back into equilibrium.This new modernization of society, explains Marske, is associated with the increas ing indifference of the individual from the traditional social bonds of an intimate network of diffuse social relationships. Due to a greater demand in the workforce people from all walks of life came together causing an increase in the cultural miscellany within a particular society. As a result individuality became a more prominent feature religion it seems was becoming less social and more personal. Durkheim would disagree with this statement as he believed it was possible to be an individual as well as social institution, he explains,In reality, the religion of the individual is a social institution like all known religions. It is society which assigns us this ideal as the sole common end which is right away capable of providing a focus for mens wills.Dillon (2003) explains that social scientists and Western intellectuals have been promising the end of Religion for centuries,Comte announced that, as a result of modernization, human society was outgrowing the theological stage of social evolution and a new age was dawning which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis or moral judgements.Durkheim predicted the gradual decrease in formal world religions in post-enlightenment society he felt that there would be a greater emphasis on the individual. This he believed would lead to a weakening of ties in the modern world. In addition he envisaged that social solidarity and the collective conscience would be taken up by other institutions that would evolve into new forms of religious experience. Furthermore a maturing modernity would see scientific thinking replace religious thinking. As a consequence, Durkheim considered the concept of God to be on the verge of extinction.In its place he envisioned society as promoting civil religion, in which, for example, civic celebrations, parades, and nationalism take the place of church services. If traditional religion were to continue, he believed it would do so only as a means to preserve social c ohesion and order. Parsons disagrees with this synopsis, with modern life will come structural manakins that are more competitive and specialised, however they would still persist because religion is an adaptable structural framework for the explanation of inexplicable social phenomena.A rebuke applied to the functionalists perspective stems from Durkheims analogy that societies and social institutions have personalities. To imagine that a society is a living, public discussion organism is a difficult concept when in fact it is seen as an inorganic object. This creates what can said to be a philosophical problem and an ontological argument that society does not have needs as a human being does and even if society does have needs they need not be met. The view here is that society is alive in the sense that it is made up of living individuals. What is not taken into account is that each individual is a different entity, with their own wants and needs. As part of the unit they can function and integrate within the group as a viable member. However individual life choices may not always create a positive function for the society as a whole. Functionalists in general tend to have a besides positive view by believing that everything that exists in society does so because it has some kind of functional purpose. Robert Merton believed that it was entirely believable for society to have dysfunctional elements. Durkheim also recognised that some forms of social life could be seen in the same way, however he did not use the term dysfunctional. In his work on crime, he noted that crime was functional to society, this seems to be a contradiction in that he also said, too high a level of crime might not be functional, because it could create a state of confusion regarding what constitutes the norms that applied to peoples lives. As a society dysfunctional actions, in particular criminal actions are frowned upon, and as a society we can make up mob-handed in the way p eople come together to condemn an act of crime. Durkheim has a point to make here in that, people combine together, forming a collective cohesion in defining themselves against what they are not. Picturing society like a vast machine, Merton argues that a society should best be considered as a cross between the cultural goals of a society-what it holds its members should strive for-and the means that are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate ways that individuals should attain these goals. In an ideally organized society, the means will be available to deliver all of its members to their goals.One must take into account when analysing such theories that at the time of writing the world was a very different place to the one we live in today. Social anthropology has come under criticism for looking into primitive societies as a representation of unchanged societies criticism in particular stems from the lack of historical records that could confirm or deny any findings. Radc liffe-Brown considered this type of work a mistakehis belief was that the religious and ritual systems had to be understood in the context of the existing society and their role in that society.One could linger on Durkheims prediction that religion would decrease with modernity, religion here being in reference to the act of attending a social gathering in the worship of some form, whether it be totemic or divine. However an important point to note is that at the time when the Sociology of Religion was in its infancy, religious practice was more of a regular occurrence than one would by chance find in todays society. However individuals are still irrevocably influenced by the role of religion in their own lives. Their beliefs and values allow them to feel supported in their everyday life religion sets aside certain values and infuses them with special significance. Culture plays an important part here, as values, customs and beliefs combine to become a moral code by which societies adhere to and live by and pass on to future generations. Religion encourages collective worship be it in a church, mosque, temple, home or some other specified gathering place. Through the act of collective worship the individual is encouraged to feel part of a wider community.Today, societies are classed as more secular in their nature, yet if one consider the earlier statement about religion being an important form of social togetherness it would be easy to make analogies with the different groups that make up the society we inhabit. For example schools hold assemblies, awards evenings and performances all which can be seen as an example of community spirit and social cohesion. People as individuals, have interests outside of their immediate social groupings, this does not make them an outcast or outsider, and instead it promotes a sense of identity, individualism and the self. The writings of sociologists such as Durkheim, Comte, Radcliffe-Brown and Parsons are still important t oday, especially in comparing the way society sees religion. 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